Introduction: Observations and Modeling of the Green Ocean Amazon (GoAmazon2014/5)
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2016
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Abstract
The Observations and Modeling of the Green Ocean Amazon
(GoAmazon2014/5) Experiment was carried out in the environs of
Manaus, Brazil, in the central region of the Amazon basin for 2 years
from 1 January 2014 through 31 December 2015. The experiment focused on the
complex interactions among vegetation, atmospheric chemistry, and
aerosol production on the one hand and their connections to aerosols,
clouds, and precipitation on the other. The objective was to understand and
quantify these linked processes, first under natural conditions to obtain a
baseline and second when altered by the effects of human
activities. To this end, the pollution plume from the Manaus
metropolis, superimposed on the background conditions of the central Amazon
basin, served as a natural laboratory. The present paper, as the introduction
to the special issue of GoAmazon2014/5, presents the context and
motivation of the GoAmazon2014/5 Experiment. The nine research sites,
including the characteristics and instrumentation of each site, are
presented. The sites range from time point zero (T0) upwind of the pollution,
to T1 in the midst of the pollution, to T2 just downwind of the pollution, to
T3 furthest downwind of the pollution (70 km). In addition to the
ground sites, a low-altitude G-159 Gulfstream I (G-1) observed the atmospheric boundary layer and low clouds, and
a high-altitude Gulfstream G550 (HALO) operated in the free
troposphere. During the 2-year experiment, two Intensive
Operating Periods (IOP1 and IOP2) also took place that included additional
specialized research instrumentation at the ground sites as well as flights
of the two aircraft. GoAmazon2014/5 IOP1 was carried out from 1
February to 31 March 2014 in the wet season. GoAmazon2014/5 IOP2 was
conducted from 15 August to 15 October 2014 in the dry season. The G-1
aircraft flew during both IOP1 and IOP2, and the HALO aircraft flew during
IOP2. In the context of the Amazon basin, the two IOPs also correspond to the
clean and biomass burning seasons, respectively. The Manaus plume is present
year-round, and it is transported by prevailing northeasterly and easterly
winds in the wet and dry seasons, respectively. This introduction also
organizes information relevant to many papers in the special issue.
Information is provided on the vehicle fleet, power plants, and industrial
activities of Manaus. The mesoscale and synoptic meteorologies relevant to
the two IOPs are presented. Regional and long-range transport of emissions
during the two IOPs is discussed based on satellite observations across South
America and Africa. Fire locations throughout the airshed are detailed. In
conjunction with the context and motivation of GoAmazon2014/5 as
presented in this introduction, research articles including thematic overview
articles are anticipated in this special issue to describe the detailed
results and findings of the GoAmazon2014/5 Experiment.
| Reference Key |
martin2016introductionatmospheric
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| Authors | Martin, S. T.;Artaxo, P.;Machado, L. A. T.;Manzi, A. O.;Souza, R. A. F.;Schumacher, C.;Wang, J.;Andreae, M. O.;Barbosa, H. M. J.;Fan, J.;Fisch, G.;Goldstein, A. H.;Guenther, A.;Jimenez, J. L.;Pöschl, U.;Silva Dias, M. A.;Smith, J. N.;Wendisch, M.; |
| Journal | atmospheric chemistry and physics |
| Year | 2016 |
| DOI |
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| URL | |
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