MIDIS: Strong H β +[O iii ] Line Emitters at z ≳ 9

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ID: 339779
2026
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Abstract
Abstract We search for strong Hβ+[O iii] line emitters at z = 9.4 − 11.3 in the Hubble Ultra Deep Field using ultra-deep MIRI/F560W imaging from the MIRI Deep Imaging Survey. Three galaxies show F560W flux excesses relative to their continuum, consistent with Hβ+[O iii] emission. We derive rest-frame Hβ+[O iii] equivalent widths of ${\rm EW}^{\rm H\beta +[O\text {III}]}_{\rm rest} \simeq 700-1500\ $Å, placing them among the most extreme nebular line emitters at this epoch. Combining our sources with 15 spectroscopically confirmed galaxies at z > 9 with published Hβ+[O iii] measurements, we derive a median ${\rm EW}^{\rm H\beta +[O\text {iii}]}_{\rm rest} = 1433\ $Å with median absolute deviation of 670 Å. We find no evidence for an increase or decline in ${\rm EW}^{\rm H\beta +[O_\text {III}]}_{\rm rest}$ at z > 9. Binning the combined z > 9 sample by UV luminosity, we find higher equivalent widths in more UV-luminous systems. While consistent with trends at z = 6 − 9, the difference is not significant, and subject to heterogeneous sample selection. No significant anti-correlation between Hβ+[O iii] equivalent width and stellar mass is found, although a fit suggests a trend consistent with lower-redshift observations. We place a first constraint on the Hβ+[O iii] line luminosity function at z ≃ 9 − 11 (Φ ∼ 10−3.3 Mpc−3 dex−1 at $\log (L_{\rm H\beta +[O_\text {iii}]}/{\rm erg\, s^{-1}}) = 42.45$) consistent with a decline relative to z ≃ 7 − 8. We derive ionising photon production efficiencies of log (ξion/Hz erg−1) = 25.3 − 25.5, and find tentative trends between ξion and ${\rm EW}^{\rm H\beta +[O_\text {III}]}_{\rm rest}$, and between ξion and β, consistent with those observed at z = 6 − 9. These results suggest that the physical conditions governing nebular emission and its link to the UV continuum are in place at z > 9.
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Authors Thomas Greve, Steven Gillman, Pierluigi Rinaldi, Iris Jermann, Jens Melinder, Göran Östlin, Pablo G. Pérez‐González, Luis Colina, Fabian Walter, Javier Álvarez-Márquez, Martin J. Ward, Alejandro Crespo Gómez, John P. Pye, Tuomo Tikkanen, Edoardo Iani, Roman Meyer, Leindert Boogaard, Jens Hjorth, Danial Langeroodi, Paul van der Werf, Sarah E. I. Bosman, K. I. Caputi, Luca Costantin, Marianna Annunziatella, Arjan Bik, Alvaro Labiano, Thomas Henning
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Journal monthly notices of the royal astronomical society
Year 2026
DOI
10.1093/mnras/stag2113
URL
https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stag2113
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