AI, Epistemic Relations, and Testimonial Outsourcing

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ID: 338432
2026
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Abstract
Abstract Generative AI “companions” are increasingly integrated into higher education as always-available interlocutors that offer feedback, explanation, and encouragement. This article examines how such systems reshape the epistemic relations through which students speak, are heard, and come to count as knowers, and argues that companion-style AIs can disrespect epistemic relations in systematic ways. Students may become less able, and less willing, to testify on their own in genuinely reciprocal spaces (such as class discussions, office hours, and peer groups), habitually relying on their AI companions instead. Call this phenomenon testimonial outsourcing: a structural tendency to outsource one’s testimonial activity, which functions as a self-imposed, technologically mediated analogue of gaslighting. Students come to treat the AI’s outputs as more reliable than their own judgment and expressive capacities, thereby eroding their epistemic self-trust and cultivating a distorted conception of legitimate epistemic expectations. This article concludes by drawing implications for AI design and educational policy, placing constraints that preserve “non-mediated” spaces of speech, require explicit AI transparency, and build frictions that redirect students back toward interpersonal relations.
Reference Key
openalex_W7225115254 Use this key to autocite in the manuscript while using SciMatic Manuscript Manager or Thesis Manager
Authors M. Donald Watts, Nicolas Nicola
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Journal Oxford University Press eBooks
Year 2026
DOI
10.1093/9780198945215.003.0254
URL
https://doi.org/10.1093/9780198945215.003.0254
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