Integrated optimization of vessel fleets, pier charging, photovoltaics and storage for island passenger transport under a journey-time constraint

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ID: 338190
2026
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Abstract
Abstract Battery-electric passenger boat studies usually treat range, charging and capital cost as binding constraints, assume near-zero-carbon grids, and ignore the speed passengers already receive. We developed a bi-objective mixed-integer linear program that jointly sizes the vessel fleet, charging infrastructure, pier photovoltaics, battery storage and discrete service speed for seven scheduled routes across four Thai island clusters, minimising discounted cost and maximising emission reduction against a scope-matched diesel baseline. Electrified journey time may not exceed the fastest incumbent's beyond a scanned tolerance. Inputs combine published pier coordinates, operator timetables, the national vessel registry, Marine Department passenger statistics and Coriolis fuel-meter measurements on twelve vessels; carbon credit potential is computed ex ante but not optimised. Journey time, not battery range, determines feasibility: it excludes every displacement hull, and two of seven services cannot be served by any commercially available vessel. Eligible electric vessels carry 10–30 passengers against incumbents of 8–350, so optimal fleets reach 24–968 vessels and USD 35.2–693.9 million of investment. Sixteen of twenty configurations cut emissions by up to 41.0% of the baseline; the other four increase them by up to 5.5% under a grid emission factor of 0.4857 kg CO2 kWh−1. No configuration is economically viable: break-even carbon prices of USD 8,296–16,070 per tCO2e lie close to three orders of magnitude above traded prices. Only pier photovoltaics with storage is marginally viable (net present value USD 0.22 million), supplying 45%–50% of charging energy. Electrifying non-speed-competitive services is justified now; speed-competitive services await larger high-speed electric vessels.
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Authors Kornpaphop Ruttanawijit, Pimphun Sujarinpong, Manassara Riensumettharadol, Piyapak Bhumibhamorn, Ratthakrit Reabroy, Siwakorn Sukprasertchai, Yodchai Tiaple
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Journal journal of modern power systems and clean energy
Year 2026
DOI
10.1093/ce/zkag080
URL
https://doi.org/10.1093/ce/zkag080
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