Disentangling the assembly of the central and diffuse stellar components in galaxy clusters through dynamical friction and tidal stripping

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ID: 332071
2026
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Abstract
Abstract In galaxy clusters, it is common to conceptually distinguish the central, brightest cluster galaxy (BCG) from the more diffuse intracluster light (ICL). So far, however, this distinction has lacked a clear physical basis, confusing both theoretical and observational studies. We address this by presenting a dynamically motivated definition of the two stellar components, evaluated using cluster zoom simulations from the Three Hundred project. We start with a motivational hindcasting approach, robustly tracing stars from the centres of 107 present-day clusters back through the merger hierarchy. We find that the majority of the final BCG stellar mass is typically contributed by the central galaxies of only 3–5 progenitor haloes. Most accreted galaxies contribute no stars to the BCG, instead surviving as satellites or depositing stellar material throughout the cluster. This naturally leads to a definition of the BCG stellar population as originating from the central galaxies of the most massive infalling systems. These are delivered to the cluster centre via efficient dynamical friction and subsequently undergo violent relaxation. The ICL arises from the complementary population of stars tidally stripped from the outskirts of all infalling systems. We therefore develop a forecasting method, identifying stars in the BCG and ICL via the dynamical fates of their originating stellar systems. Applying this to 261 clusters, we find the resulting components remain spatially interleaved, but occupy distinct regions of phase space. Our physically defined BCG matches conventional aperture-based selections with high completeness, while providing a direct interpretation in terms of hierarchical assembly.
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Authors Frazer R. Pearce, S. P. Bamford, Garreth Martin, Yannick M Bahé, Harley J Brown, Madeline Butler, Ana Contreras-Santos, Weiguang Cui, N. A. Hatch, Alexander Knebe
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Journal monthly notices of the royal astronomical society
Year 2026
DOI
10.1093/mnras/stag1912
URL
https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stag1912
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