PhyloZoo: a unified framework for phylogenetic network analysis in Python

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ID: 331941
2026
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Abstract
Reticulate evolutionary processes (events in which lineages merge, such as hybridization, recombination, and horizontal gene transfer) are widespread across nature but cannot be represented by phylogenetic trees alone. Phylogenetic networks have therefore become an important modelling tool, yet existing software is typically tied to specific inference paradigms and provides limited support for working with multiple network representations in a unified and programmable environment. PhyloZoo is an open-source Python framework that lowers the barrier to developing practical, easy-to-use software for phylogenetic network analysis. It provides data structures and algorithms covering the main representations used in the field, together with dedicated visualization tools and robust I/O for all major phylogenetic file formats. A particular emphasis lies on semi-directed phylogenetic networks, which explicitly represent root uncertainty and have so far received limited support in existing software. By offering a shared, scalable foundation for developing interoperable tools and a combinatorial layer that supports computational proofs and theoretical exploration, PhyloZoo enables reproducible workflows for applied, methodological, and theoretical studies of reticulate evolution. Availability and implementation: PhyloZoo is implemented in Python and installable from PyPI, with source code, documentation, and examples available at https://github.com/nholtgrefe/phylozoo.
Reference Key
openalex_W7164330814 Use this key to autocite in the manuscript while using SciMatic Manuscript Manager or Thesis Manager
Authors Niels Holtgrefe
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Journal BMC Bioinformatics
Year 2026
DOI
10.1093/bioinformatics/btag748
URL
https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btag748
Keywords Keywords not found

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