Nucleosynthesis in the fast ejecta of a neutron star merger

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ID: 330725
2026
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Abstract
Abstract Neutron star mergers are today considered a major production site for rapid neutron capture elements. While the bulk of the matter escapes at fast, but non-relativistic velocities (~0.2 c), a small amount of the dynamically ejected mass reaches mildly relativistic velocities (≳ 0.6 c). It has been suggested earlier, that in such ejecta parts neutrons may avoid being captured and that their decay could power an early blue precursor to the main kilonova event. Here we study in detail the nucleosynthesis in such fast ejecta with nuclear network calculations along both parametrized and numerical relativity trajectories. We find that the nucleosynthesis can be divided into three channels, in one of which a substantial amount of free neutrons survives when the main r-process has frozen out. We develop an accurate (semi-)analytical model that indicates under which conditions free neutron survive. If the mass fraction of the free neutrons exceeds ~0.05, their β−-decay dominates the nuclear heating rate between ~100 and ~104 seconds. This dominance leads to a pronounced kilonova precursor that should for plausible ejecta parameters be visible for ULTRASAT out to ${\sim }200\, \rm Mpc$. Since at low electron fractions free neutrons can survive even for moderate velocities, mergers with large tidal ejecta, such as asymmetric neutron star mergers or favorable neutron star black hole mergers, may produce particularly bright blue precursors to their subsequent kilonovae.
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Authors Lukas Schnabel, Stephan Rosswog, Moritz Reichert, Friedrich-Karl Thielemann
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Journal monthly notices of the royal astronomical society
Year 2026
DOI
10.1093/mnras/stag1828
URL
https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stag1828
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