The study of AF And. I. Hydrogen abundance constraints and dynamically-consistent wind model of the hot state

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ID: 328830
2026
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Abstract
Abstract This paper starts a series of works devoted to an in-depth study of luminous blue variable AF And in the M 31 galaxy. Here we present the results of non-LTE modelling of the star in a hot state with cmfgen code. In addition to the β-velocity law, widely used in the analysis of stellar atmospheres, we used a velocity distribution obtained from the balance of radial forces in the wind, including centrifugal forces for several models. Such a dynamically consistent approach reduces the parameter space during modelling and, in addition, allows us to estimate the current stellar mass whose inner hydrostatic layers are obscured by a dense wind that contaminates the absorption profiles. Based on our modelling we estimate the parameters of AF And as follows: luminosity L ≈ 6.5 × 105 L⊙, mass loss rate Ṁ ≈3 × 10−5 M⊙ yr−1, terminal velocity v∞ ≈ 300 km s−1 and effective temperature Teff ≈ 17 kK. modelling of the hot state of AF And is of particular interest due to the possibility to place constraints on the ratio of hydrogen and helium abundances for further use in constructing models of the cold state of this star. We conclude that the current hydrogen mass fraction in the wind lies in the range from 20 to 30 per cent. Self-consistent modelling gives the current mass M* estimation in the range 15.6 − 17.7 M⊙. By employing evolutionary tracks, we were able to estimate the initial stellar mass as $M_{*,~\rm {init}} \approx 50~\textrm{M}_\odot$.
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Authors E O Dedov, A E Kostenkov, A. Vinokurov, A. Sarkisyan
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Journal monthly notices of the royal astronomical society
Year 2026
DOI
10.1093/mnras/stag1742
URL
https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stag1742
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