Introduction

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ID: 328654
2026
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Abstract
In September 2020, a band of hackers in Chengdu watched from afar as their comrades were indicted by the US Department of Justice. They sniggered, worrying more about the quality of wine at office parties than about arrest. Some time later, the indicted would resurface under a different guise, using the same tradecraft on the same targets for the same clients. Exposure, to them, was a temporary inconvenience. For the US government, their exposure was resolution. Reprisals were serious, if not always swift. The FBI prosecuted the hand on the keyboard. The political classes angled for attribution, while enterprises around the world offloaded their risks to software companies which secured their crown jewels. In that crowded space, Big Tech platforms emerged as an intermediary, strategic yet mercantile, shaping the FBI’s visibility and response while unburdened by the same accountability. But these decisive measures were blunted. In truth, exposure did not end the hackers’ campaigns; it merely reshaped them. Western institutions had treated each hack as a discrete incident, whereas it was in their cumulative effect that they were changing the terrain on which modern power is exercised.
Reference Key
openalex_W7213454971 Use this key to autocite in the manuscript while using SciMatic Manuscript Manager or Thesis Manager
Authors Ahana Datta Fasel
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Journal Oxford University Press eBooks
Year 2026
DOI
10.1093/oso/9780197871386.003.0001
URL
https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197871386.003.0001
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