Modelling the expulsion of baryons from haloes: the role of feedback and of the cosmological constant

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2026
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Abstract
Abstract The extent to which galactic-scale astrophysical processes conspire with the underlying cosmological model to expel baryons from haloes remains a central question in galaxy formation. We present an analytical model for the gas distribution within and beyond haloes, based on the balance between gravitational collapse, hydrostatic pressure, and cosmic expansion. Our model predicts the halo-centric distance enclosing a baryon mass fraction equal to the cosmic value fb = Ωb/Ωm (‘closure radius’) in an arbitrary ΛCDM cosmology. We compare the predictions with the results of six variants of the EAGLE cosmological, hydrodynamical simulation, encompassing values of the cosmological constant ranging from 0 to 100 times its observed value in our Universe, Λ0. Despite its simplicity, our model exhibits excellent agreement with the simulations for haloes with mass M200c > 1011⊙ in the redshift range 0 < z < 3, suggesting that it captures the key astrophysical processes and highlighting its robustness to the cosmological parameters. Thus, it provides the first physical explanation for the empirical closure radius–halo mass relation previously observed in simulations. Furthermore, we find that dark energy plays a non-negligible role in baryon evacuation: the simulations reveal that in the fiducial cosmological model, the closure radius at z < 2 is ~30% larger than in an Einstein-de Sitter universe. In cosmologies with Λ ≥ 10Λ0, dark energy emerges as the dominant factor in this process – suggesting that, as our Universe transitions towards Λ-domination, dark energy eventually becomes the primary driver of baryon evacuation from massive haloes.
Reference Key
openalex_W7211915537 Use this key to autocite in the manuscript while using SciMatic Manuscript Manager or Thesis Manager
Authors Oscar Veenema, Daniele Sorini, Sownak Bose
Journal monthly notices of the royal astronomical society
Year 2026
DOI
10.1093/mnras/stag1692
URL
https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stag1692
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