Synergistic Co-Pyrolysis of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch and Polypropylene Waste: Insights into Reaction Kinetics and Bio-Oil Upgrading Mechanisms

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ID: 326796
2026
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Abstract
Abstract Oil palm empty fruit bunch and polypropylene were synergistically co-pyrolyzed in order to clarify the reaction kinetics and bio-oil upgrading mechanisms. The experiments, including the kinetic study, were conducted in a semi-batch reactor at temperatures between 400 and 600 °C using a controlled 50:50 wt % blending ratio. Based on the product distribution results. The optimal temperature for bio-oil production was determined and subsequently applied to evaluate the influence of different empty fruit bunch and polypropylene blending ratios (100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, and 0:100 wt.%) on product yield and composition. The results demonstrated that temperature significantly influenced thermal decomposition pathways and product distribution. A temperature of 550 °C was identified as the optimum condition to produce bio-oil while suppressing secondary cracking and excessive gas formation. The blending ratio strongly affected product selectivity, with the 50:50 mixture achieving the highest liquid yield (44.54%). At these operating conditions, the hydrocarbon fraction of the bio-oil increased substantially to 47.2%, indicating that hydrogen transfer from polypropylene promoted the conversion of oxygenated intermediates into hydrocarbon-rich compounds through synergistic deoxygenation reactions, thereby upgrading the bio-oil and improving its energy potential. Concurrently, an enhancement in biochar quality was also observed. The apparent activation energy was found 54.02 kJ mol−1 within the temperature interval of 400–600 °C. These findings provide mechanistic insights into the co-pyrolysis of empty fruit bunch and polypropylene and demonstrate the potential of this process to improve bio-oil quality through the valorization of biomass and plastic waste.
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Authors Rahmat Iman Mainil, Juntriman Harefa, Annisa Wulan Sari, Anita Susilawati, Afdhal Kurniawan Mainil, Obie Farobie, Apip Amrullah, A. Aziz
Journal journal of modern power systems and clean energy
Year 2026
DOI
10.1093/ce/zkag056
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