Revealing the stabilization pathway, stack validation, and techno-economic assessment of phosphonate-Fe(III) complex for near-neutral aqueous all-iron flow batteries

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ID: 326310
2026
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Abstract
Abstract Aqueous iron-based redox flow batteries are promising for grid-scale energy storage due to inherent safety, low cost, and material abundance. However, their stability remains limited by poor redox reversibility and iron dendrite formation. Herein, we report a hexadentate phosphate-rich Fe(III) complex, Fe(P4N2), specifically engineered for near-neutral conditions. The robust Fe–O/Fe–N coordination environment of phosphate-based ligand framework stabilizes redox-active Fe3+/Fe2+ centers and suppresses parasitic side reactions. Additionally, the hydrogen-bond-rich solvation shell, formed by abundant phosphonate terminal groups, fosters a dense hydration layer around the complex, bringing high aqueous solubility (1.47 M) and low cross-membrane contamination. Consequently, the Fe(P4N2)-based flow batteries demonstrate high energy efficiency (85.7% at 100 mA cm−2), rapid redox kinetics (21.4 Wh L−1 at 200 mA cm−2), ultralow capacity decay (0.00052% per cycle or 0.027% per day). When scaled to a 12-cell stack (900 cm2 active area per cell), the Fe(P4N2)-based flow batteries deliver a stable 300 W power output during long-term operation. Techno-economic analysis demonstrates promising economic potential for this system, driven by low material cost, high energy efficiency, and long-term durability. This study establishes a multidentate phosphate coordination strategy for developing fast-charging, durable, scalable, and economically attractive all-iron redox flow batteries.
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Authors Sheng Wen, Yongkang Chen, Pengbo Zhang, Binze Yang, Jianwen Guo, Peng Liu, Guochun Ding, Yuzhu Liu, Tengfei Dai, Xueli Sun, Ge Yin, Ke Zhuang, Zuoxiu Tie, Jin Zhong
Journal national science review
Year 2026
DOI
10.1093/nsr/nwag533
URL
https://doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwag533
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