The Spatio-Temporal Behavior of the Sensitivity of Geophysical Time-Domain Electromagnetics

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ID: 325116
2026
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Abstract
Summary In this paper, we derive and compare two approaches for computing the three-dimensional sensitivity of time-domain electromagnetic (TEM) data with respect to subsurface electrical conductivity: the convolutional adjoint state method and the sensitivity equation approach. Both methods are examined within the diffusive regime, neglecting displacement currents and, without loss of generality, considering measurements of the time derivative of the magnetic flux density ∂B/∂t following the abrupt shutoff of a source signal. As our source, we consider an electric current flowing through a small, finite-length wire loop. To illustrate the complex spatio-temporal behavior of the sensitivity, the source-receiver configuration is based on a TEM field survey conducted at Iceland’s Strokkur geyser. With a separate-loop configuration, we observed a significant decrease in ∂Bz/∂>t field values at early times and an increase at later times, which is attributed to an increase in electrical conductivity near the surface during an eruption. This effect is explained by the sensitivity analyses presented here, including a sign change of the sensitivity at early times. Owing to its numerical efficiency and high accuracy yielded by second order Nédélec finite elements on unstructured grids, the sensitivity equation approach has been implemented in FEMALY, a MATLAB library developed at TU Bergakademie Freiberg and TU Chemnitz, making it well suited for practical applications and three-dimensional inversions.
Reference Key
openalex_W7203649826 Use this key to autocite in the manuscript while using SciMatic Manuscript Manager or Thesis Manager
Authors Klaus Spitzer, M. Scheunert, Jana Börner, Matthias Hort
Journal geophysical journal international
Year 2026
DOI
10.1093/gji/ggag324
URL
https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggag324
Keywords Keywords not found

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