Spherical thermosetting aromatic polymer particles: structure, function, and carbon conversion

Abstract Thermosetting aromatic polymer spheres are emerging as versatile functional materials due to their controlled structure, high stability, and tunable properties. Synthesized via surfactant-free polycondensation and phase separation, they exhibit excellent dispersibility, optical functions, and structural diversity. These particles also serve as robust precursors for carbon spheres, enabling controlled carbonization with structural retention. Moreover, their multifunctionality and designability render them promising for applications in energy, catalysis, and advanced materials.