A survey for variable young stars with small telescopes - XI. Spot Lifetimes and Coverage Distributions
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ID: 322811
2026
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Abstract
Abstract We present a homogeneous analysis of rotational variability and spot properties in young stellar objects across multiple star-forming regions observed by the Hunting Outbursting Young Stars (HOYS) project. From over 2000 candidate members, we identify 144 YSOs with robust periodic signals and well-constrained multi-band amplitudes. The sample has a median age of ∼1 Myr, effective temperatures of 3500–6500 K (masses ∼0.6–2 M⊙), and is dominated by Class 2 objects, one third of which exhibit inner disc dust emission. The rotation period distribution is strongly bimodal, with 55 percent fast rotators (P < 5.5 d) and 45 percent slow rotators. Fast rotators are predominantly inner disc-less, whereas slow rotators include both disc-bearing and disc-free systems, indicating that disc braking alone cannot explain the observed rotational states. We derive spot properties from multi-band amplitudes and find that, after correcting for observational biases, the intrinsic cold-spot coverage distribution of fast rotators is well described by an exponential function. This implies that small spot coverages are intrinsically much more common than large ones, consistent with stochastic magnetic flux emergence governing spot formation. In contrast, slow rotators show a pronounced deficit of small cold spots. After considering observational biases and alternative physical explanations, we conclude that small spots on slowly rotating YSOs have significantly shorter lifetimes. These results provide new evidence that magnetic surface structure and its evolution depend on stellar rotation, placing new empirical constraints on models of magnetic activity and angular momentum evolution in young stars.
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| Authors | D. Froebrich, Carys Herbert, Aleks Scholz, Benjamin Womack Ryan, S. Vanaverbeke, J. Eislöffel, Cledison Marcos da Silva, Michel Michaud, Kathy Griffiths, Ari M Siqueira, Thomas Urtly, Francisco C Soldán Alfaro, George Fleming, Gregg Ruppel, Domenico Licchelli, Stephen R L Futcher, Ivan L Walton, Matthias Kolb, Mario Morales Aimar, Geoffrey Stone, Y. Öǧmen, Simon Francis Dawes, Franz-Josef Hambsch, Nick Quinn, Juan-Luis González-Carballo, Franky Dubois, José Luis Salto González, Adam Popowicz, Krzysztof Bernacki, Sławomir Bednarz, Tim Nelson, Tony Vale, Tonny Vanmunster, G. Piehler, Stephen C. Percy, Jordi Berenguer Amatller, Jacopo Fallai, Amritanshu Vajpayee, Faustino García de la Cuesta, Rafael Castillo García, D. Moździerski, Krzysztof Kotysz, P. Mikołajczyk, Holly Stokes-Geddes, Matthew D. Dickers, Ivana I. Grozdanova, Chiara F Kawohl, Aashini L Patel, J. S. Urquhart, Tim M Kinnear |
| Journal | monthly notices of the royal astronomical society |
| Year | 2026 |
| DOI |
10.1093/mnras/stag1428
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| URL | |
| Keywords | Keywords not found |
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