Forecasting Extreme Temperature Events by Hankel-Augmented Contrastive Learning

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ID: 322778
2026
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Ranked #210 of 304 articles by views in national science review

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Abstract
Abstract Accurate forecasting of extreme temperature events is critically important for climate adaptation and disaster preparedness, yet remains a fundamental challenge due to the abrupt and non-stationary nature of such phenomena. Current time series models often fail to capture rapid transitions and anomalous patterns that deviate significantly from historical behaviors. Here, we propose Hankelformer, a novel deep learning architecture that integrates structured Hankel-based augmentation with contrastive learning to significantly improve the forecasting of extreme weather events. The model employs a structured augmentation module that constructs Hankel matrices to capture local spatiotemporal dynamics without disrupting temporal coherence, generating delay-embedding-inspired views of the original input data in terms of states. These views are processed together with the original input in a dual-stream Transformer encoder, followed by a contrastive learning between them that forms spatiotemporal representations, thus significantly enhancing feature invariance and robustness against distribution shifts. We evaluated Hankelformer on the curated extreme weather datasets: the TexasFreeze, the Pacific Northwest Heatwave and the Antarctic Heat, in addition to six standard benchmarks in energy and transportation. Hankelformer consistently achieves state-of-the-art performance, demonstrating remarkable accuracy in predicting extreme temperature collapses and spikes, with up to 34% improvement in MSE over leading baselines. The framework offers a promising tool for reliable extreme temperature forecasting and underscores the value of constructing topologically equivalent sequences to the original sequence for spatiotemporal representation learning in handling real-world non-stationary time series.
Reference Key
openalex_W7171714831 Use this key to autocite in the manuscript while using SciMatic Manuscript Manager or Thesis Manager
Authors Chengyang Qin, Yueyang Ding, Peng Tao, Luonan Chen
Journal national science review
Year 2026
DOI
10.1093/nsr/nwag456
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