Equal Access to and Supply of Goods and Services

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ID: 321360
2026
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Abstract
Abstract This chapter examines gender inequalities in the economic sphere beyond the labour market, focusing on inequalities in the access to and supply of goods and services. Examples are sex-segregated services; price discrimination such as the ‘pink tax’ and the ‘tampon tax’; and higher barriers for women in accessing financial services, such as mortgages, loans, and insurance. Gender disparities also arise in (reproductive) health protection, housing, and transport. The now widespread use of algorithms has exacerbated gender discrimination in this area, as algorithms reinforce and replicate the gender biases and stereotypes that exist in real life in the platform, gig, and collaborative economies. The chapter provides a detailed analysis of the only piece of EU legislation in this field; the Goods and Services Directive (2004/113/EC). It critically examines the Directive’s key shortcomings, including its substantive limitations and its limited application across Member States, which together undermine its effectiveness in practice. These shortcomings are assessed in light of the historical and societal context in which the Directive was adopted, which shaped the main concepts as well as the personal and material scope of the Directive. The chapter further explores problems that have emerged in practice in the Member States, particularly regarding the interpretation and application of the prohibition of discrimination and the scope for its justification. It also evaluates the Directive’s framework for implementation, judicial protection, and enforcement. The chapter concludes by identifying key areas requiring reform and outlining possible routes for revision of this ‘forgotten Directive’.
Reference Key
openalex_W7169520725 Use this key to autocite in the manuscript while using SciMatic Manuscript Manager or Thesis Manager
Authors Alexandra Timmer, Linda Senden, Susanne Burri
Journal Oxford University Press eBooks
Year 2026
DOI
10.1093/law/9780198845256.003.0008
URL
https://doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198845256.003.0008
Keywords Keywords not found

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