Reproducing stellar structures in the Magellanic Clouds using a genetic algorithm with N-body simulations

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ID: 320516
2026
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Abstract
Abstract The Large and Small Magellanic Clouds (LMC and SMC, respectively) are the largest satellite galaxies of the Milky Way (MW) and their interactions with each other have given rise to multiple stellar substructures in their periphery as well as the gaseous Magellanic Stream. To better understand the origin of the stellar substructures and constrain their past orbit, we model the past 2.5 Gyr of the interactions between the MW and the LMC and SMC using N-body simulations. Due to the strong interactions, analytical orbit integrations are insufficient to analyze the past galaxy orbits accurately. Therefore, we use a genetic algorithm in combination with N-body simulations to determine the LMC and SMC initial positions and velocities 2.5 Gyr ago that result in the Magellanic Clouds (MCs) arriving near their observed locations and velocities at the current time. After running ~8,000 simulations, our best matching model includes two close interactions between the MCs (940 Myr and 140 Myr ago) and reproduces some observed features of the MCs, including the LMC disc warp, a ring-shaped overdensity in the LMC, the tidal expansion of the SMC, and a greater distance dispersion on the eastern side of the SMC. The LMC disc warp is caused by the most recent interaction with the SMC, which occurred ~140 Myr before the present. The interaction causes global ripples in the LMC disc with a mean amplitude of 1.3 kpc.
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openalex_W7167922189 Use this key to autocite in the manuscript while using SciMatic Manuscript Manager or Thesis Manager
Authors Bethany Ray Garver, David L. Nidever, Victor P. Debattista, Nathan Deg
Journal monthly notices of the royal astronomical society
Year 2026
DOI
10.1093/mnras/stag1287
URL
https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stag1287
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