Nocturnal Features and Daytime Characteristics in Narcolepsy: Reliability and Diagnostic Relevance for NT1 vs NT2
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ID: 320063
2026
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Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES: Assess test-retest reliability of nighttime sleep and daytime Maintenance of Wakefulness Tests (MWTs) over a short time interval in drug-free individuals with narcolepsy; evaluate the diagnostic utility of features with good reliability. METHODS: We analyzed the placebo arms from clinical trials in narcolepsy type 1 (NT1; n = 17; NCT05687903) and narcolepsy type 2 (NT2; n = 19; NCT05687916). Participants visited the clinic three times, four weeks apart, which included nocturnal polysomnography (nPSG) and MWT the following day. From the nPSG and daytime MWT, we derived 440 features and assessed test-retest reliability, visit effects, and NT1-NT2 differences. RESULTS: Quantitative electroencephalography (qEEG) showed high reliability, with the top ten features showing reliability >0.88; the ten most reliable hypnogram features ranged from 0.68-0.78. qEEG and MWT sleep onset latencies (SOLs) were less reliable in NT2. N1 percentage, stage shift index, and wake after sleep onset were reliable and differed between diagnoses (r = 0.54-0.75; higher in NT1, p < 0.05). MWT SOLs at 2 p.m. and 4 p.m. demonstrated good reliability in NT1 (r = 0.89, 0.87) and differed between diagnoses (shorter in NT1; p = 0.037, 0.010). Hypnodensity Wake-REM mixtures were reliable (r = 0.83) and differed between diagnoses (higher in NT1, p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: qEEG features showed the strongest reliability but rarely distinguished diagnoses. Measures of sleep fragmentation and wakefulness reliably differentiated NT1 from NT2 and are practical for clinical assessments and trials. Hypnodensity features, though not yet used clinically, are reliable and may offer diagnostic value. NT2 exhibited greater variability in nighttime sleep and daytime wakefulness across visits.
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| Authors | Emily Schlafly, Marta Karas, Yishu Gong, Lucie Barateau, Brian Tracey, Dmitri Volfson, Yves Dauvilliers |
| Journal | Sleep & breathing = Schlaf & Atmung |
| Year | 2026 |
| DOI |
10.1093/sleep/zsag180
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| URL | |
| Keywords | Keywords not found |
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