Limits on forming coreless terrestrial worlds in the TRAPPIST-1 system
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ID: 319053
2026
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Abstract
Abstract With seven temperate Earth-sized planets revolving around an ultracool red dwarf, the nearby TRAPPIST-1 system offers a unique opportunity to verify models of exoplanet composition, differentiation, and interior structure. In particular, the low bulk densities of the TRAPPIST-1 planets, compared to terrestrial planets in our solar system, require either substantial amount of volatiles to be present or a core-free scenario where the metallic core is fully oxidised. Here, we test the validity of the core-free scenario given thermodynamic constraints. In particular, we update a metal–silicate partitioning model within the equilibrium differentiation framework. We show that during core–mantle differentiation, oxygen becomes more siderophile (iron-loving) with increasing pressure, implying larger planet radii. For the seven TRAPPIST-1 planets, however, we find that they are not sufficiently massive to oxidise all the iron in the core, if they differentiate from an Earth-like composition. Oxygen partitioning in rocky worlds thermodynamically precludes coreless planets up to ∼4 M⊕. The observed density deficit in the TRAPPIST-1 planets, and more generally in M dwarf systems if confirmed by future observations, may be explained by system-dependent element budgets during planet formation, which are intrinsically linked to their stellar metallicity.
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| Authors | Dongyang Huang, Caroline Dorn |
| Journal | monthly notices of the royal astronomical society |
| Year | 2026 |
| DOI |
10.1093/mnras/stag1234
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| URL | |
| Keywords | Keywords not found |
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