Long-term outcomes and prognosis of mixed cryoglobulinemia: a European multicenter study of 1,294 patients

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ID: 317950
2026
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES: To assess the long-term outcomes and prognostic factors of patients presenting with all-cause mixed cryoglobulinemia vasculitis (CryoVas). METHODS: A European multicentre cohort study (EuroCryo) of 1,294 patients presenting with all-cause CryoVas. RESULTS: The main aetiology for CryoVas was HCV with 469 (36%) cases, followed by essential forms (n = 344, 26%) and autoimmune conditions (n = 302, 23%) with Sjogren's disease being the most common (n = 268, 21%). Over a median follow-up of 2.8 years, a total of 558 CryoVas patients experienced 661 severe events, notably 221 relapses, 52 severe infections and 45 lymphomas. Multivariable model for event-free survival retained a post-2014 diagnosis, male sex, older age, low C4 levels, positive rheumatoid factor and higher baseline creatinine levels as poor prognostic factors; HCV aetiology was protective. Factors associated with the occurrence of lymphoma were a post-2014 diagnosis, autoimmune aetiology, fever, fatigue and low C4 levels. CONCLUSION: HCV was for long considered a poor prognosis factor in CryoVas, and now those secondary to autoimmune conditions seem to evolve with a more severe course, notably carrying a higher lymphoma risk.
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Authors David Saadoun, P Cacoub, Soledad Retamozo, Marco Sebastiani, Caterina Vacchi, Milvia Casato, Marcella Visentini, Pilar Brito‐Zerón, Alejandra Flores-Chávez, Sonja Praprotnik, Gener Ismail, Luca Quartuccio, Gaëtane Nocturne, Antónia Szántó, Georgina Maalouf, Alessandra Bartoli, Pascale Ghillani‐Dalbin, Ricardo Gómez de la Torre, R Mataix, Andrea Núñez Conde, Elena Bartoloni, Laura León, Joan Maria Mercadé-Torras, Agata Sebastian, Francesco Carubbi, Fabiola Atzeni, Abora Rial‐Villavecchia, Xavier Mariette, Ciprian Jurcuț, Matheus Vieira, Sylvie Chevret, Manuel Ramos-Casals
Journal Lara D. Veeken
Year 2026
DOI
10.1093/rheumatology/keag264
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