Population III star formation in an X-ray background: V. Environmental dependence and halo occupation probability
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ID: 317046
2026
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Abstract
Abstract An X-ray background in the early Universe enhances molecular hydrogen formation, the main coolant of primordial gas, thereby lowering the threshold for Pop III star formation. Continuing our series on X-ray impacts on Pop III star formation, we investigate how a soft X-ray background promotes Pop III star formation using cosmological zoom-in simulations of ten cosmic volumes spanning a range of halo number densities. Each volume is irradiated by the Lyman-Werner (LW) H2 dissociating background and a weak (J21 ~ 10−5), soft (E ~ 0.2–2.0 keV) X-ray background produced by pair-instability SNe (PISNe) from Pop III stars and calculated self-consistently as described in a companion paper. We also compare the same simulations with and without X-rays to isolate the X-ray effect. The background promotes Pop III star formation in two ways: (1) by reducing the mean host halo mass by a factor of ~2–3, and (2) by enabling Pop III star formation in haloes that would otherwise remain sterile, thereby increasing the halo occupation fraction. The resulting gain in Pop III number density is largest in underdense regions (a factor of ≈3 on average, reaching up to 7). In the most extreme case, Pop II stars form only in the presence of X-rays and the gas-phase metallicity rises by an order of magnitude, suggesting that dwarf galaxies in underdense regions may be significantly influenced by an early X-ray background. We also provide fitting functions for the halo occupation probability of Pop III stars as a function of redshift for both X-ray and LW-only simulations, which can serve as inputs for semi-analytic models.
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openalex_W7164315552
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| Authors | Jongwon Park, Massimo Ricotti |
| Journal | monthly notices of the royal astronomical society |
| Year | 2026 |
| DOI |
10.1093/mnras/stag1111
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| URL | |
| Keywords | Keywords not found |
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