Iodoacetic acid causes developmental toxicity in zebrafish

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ID: 315320
2026
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Ranked #114 of 123 articles by views in toxicological sciences : an official journal of the society of toxicology

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Abstract
Abstract Water disinfection can generate disinfection byproducts (DBPs) such as iodoacetic acid (IAA) by reacting with organic matter in water supplies. In vitro studies have shown that IAA is a cytotoxic and genotoxic DBP. In vivo studies using animal models further indicate that IAA has toxic effects on reproductive function and the endocrine system. Yet, its developmental toxicity remains unknown. In this study, we show that exposure to IAA at concentrations ranging from 1 to 100 µM induces dose-dependent embryonic mortality, with the greatest sensitivity observed during the first 24 hours of development. Sublethal concentrations cause delayed or failed hatching and disrupt the development of multiple vital organs. Notably, IAA exposure impairs swim bladder inflation, reduces otolith size, and decreases heart rate. Moreover, IAA reduces intestinal mucus production by suppressing genes essential for mucin production. Given the crucial role of intestinal mucus in defending against pathogens and maintaining host and gut microbiota homeostasis, the deleterious effect of IAA on mucus production highlights its potential pathogenic role in driving disorders linked to epithelial barrier dysfunction and microbiome dysfunction. Together, these findings demonstrate that IAA induces pronounced developmental toxicity affecting multiple organ systems in zebrafish. This study provides the first in vivo evidence that IAA disrupts embryonic development and intestinal function.
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openalex_W7162752737 Use this key to autocite in the manuscript while using SciMatic Manuscript Manager or Thesis Manager
Authors Samuel Hatlestad, Brooke E Wagoner, Hyunho Kim, Jason S Xia, Chris Shim, Yuexi Wang, Alice Lua, Jing Yang, Jodi A. Flaws, Wenyan Mei
Journal toxicological sciences : an official journal of the society of toxicology
Year 2026
DOI
10.1093/toxsci/kfag062
URL
https://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfag062
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