Development and validation of an electronic health record-based frailty index in the UK Biobank

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ID: 314593
2026
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Abstract
Abstract Background Frailty, an age-related loss of the ability to withstand stressors, is commonly measured using health deficit indices, often using survey or questionnaire data. We aimed to develop an electronic frailty index (eFI) using electronic health record (EHR) data linkages in the UK Biobank and assess its association with mortality. Methods We calculated an eFI using 43 deficits, each corresponding to phecodes mapped to the United Kingdom (UK) and international classification coding systems. We compared this eFI to a validated 49-item survey-based FI for the UK Biobank and assessed associations of the eFI with risk of all-cause mortality (follow-up ≤ 10.2 years) and mortality following a stressor (heart attack or stroke) using Cox proportional hazard models. Results Mean eFI in this cohort (N = 208,982) was 0.058 (SD = 0.06) and was higher in females than males. A 10% higher baseline frailty was associated with higher risk of all-cause mortality (HR(95%CI)=2.00(1.93-2.07)), although the magnitude of this association decreased when adjusting for socioeconomic-related covariates (HR(95%CI)=1.44(1.38-1.51)). Associations were stronger in men than women. eFI predicted mortality following both heart attack and stroke (HR(95%CI)=1.59(1.25-2.04) and HR = 1.33(1.13-1.57), respectively). Conclusions This EHR-based eFI has robust associations with mortality, suggesting that it can be used as a valid measure of frailty in the UK Biobank and can potentially be applied to other datasets with EHR data.
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Authors Grace I Bowman, Nigel Seymour, Chandra Reynolds, Luke M. Evans
Journal the journals of gerontology series a, biological sciences and medical sciences
Year 2026
DOI
10.1093/gerona/glag131
URL
https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glag131
Keywords Keywords not found

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