An Ultra-Short Period Super-Earth and a Sub-Neptune Orbiting the K dwarf TOI-4311

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ID: 314216
2026
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Abstract
Abstract We report the discovery and characterisation of the multi-planetary system around TOI-4311, a K dwarf kinematically between the Galactic thick disk and Hercules stream. TOI-4311 hosts an ultra-short-period super-Earth (P~0.99 d, $1.376\substack{+0.077 -0.080}$ R⊕) and a longer period sub-Neptune (P~15 d, $2.47\substack{+0.12 -0.11}$ R⊕) that was first detected in the TESS photometry. Using follow-up observations with CHEOPS and HARPS, we refine the planetary radius of both planets, derive the mass of planet b ($4.5\substack{+1.5 -1.4}$ M⊕) and confirm the planetary nature of planet c. Intriguingly, a third periodic signal is clearly detected in our HARPS RVs that we cannot link to stellar activity. This signal could be attributed to a third planet (P~38 d, Msin(i)=$26.4\substack{+6.3 -6.8}$ M⊕) in the system, however with the current photometric dataset we do not find a transit. Our dynamical analysis highlights that this potential outer planet would remain stable. Using the precise radius and mass for TOI-4311 b we model its interior structure and find that it is very dense given the host star’s galactic kinematics and chemistry. Hence this system could challenge current formation theories and provide insights into planet formation across the galaxy.
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Authors Yoshi Nike Emilia Eschen, T G Wilson, A Cameron, Alexander J. Mustill, J A Egger, Soléne Ulmer-Moll, D Gandolfi, Alexis M S Smith, O. D. S. Demangeon, S A Sousa, A. Bonfanti, Alexandre C M Correia, Vardan Adibekyan, G. Lacedelli, Alexis Brandeker, C. Pezzotti, B. Akinsanmi, Y Alibert, Roi Alonso, T. Bárczy, David Barrado, Susana C C Barros, W BAUMJOHANN, W Benz, Nicolas Billot, Luca Borsato, Christopher Broeg, A. Castro-González, Szilard Csizmadia, Patricio E Cubillos, Melvyn B Davies, M Deleuil, A. Deline, Brice-Olivier Demory, Aliz Derekas, Giuseppe Di Persio, Billy Edwards, D Ehrenreich, Anders Erikson, A. Fortier, L Fossati, M Fridlund, Kosmas Gazeas, Michaël Gillon, Manuel Güdel, Maximilian N Günther, A. Heitzmann, Ch Helling, Kate G Isaak, Jon M Jenkins, T. Keller, Laszlo L Kiss, Daniel Kitzmann, Judith Korth, Kristine W F Lam, Jacques Laskar, Alain Lecavelier des Etangs, Adrien Leleu, Monika Lendl, Demetrio Magrin, P. F. L. Maxted, B. Merín, C Mordasini, V. Nascimbeni, Göran Olofsson, H. P. Osborn, R. Ottensamer, Isabella Pagano, Enric Pallé, Gisbert Peter, Glen Petitpas, D. Piazza, G. Piotto, D Pollacco, D. Queloz, Roberto Ragazzoni, Nicola Rando, Heike Rauer, Ignasi Ribas, Nuno C Santos, G. Scandariato, D Ségransan, Avi Shporer, A. M. Silva, Attila E Simon, Richard Southworth, M Stalport, S. Sulis, Gyula M Szabó, Stéphane Udry, B. Ulmer, Valerie Van Grootel, Julia Venturini, Eva Villaver, Nicholas A Walton, Sebastian Wolf, Carl Ziegler, T. Zingales
Journal monthly notices of the royal astronomical society
Year 2026
DOI
10.1093/mnras/stag952
URL
https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stag952
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