Surface-displayed multivalent PRRSV tandem antigen on Bacillus subtilis spores induces mucosal immune responses in mice

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ID: 313910
2026
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Abstract
AIMS: Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) remains a major threat to swine production, while safe and practical mucosal immunization strategies with broad reactivity are still limited. This study aimed to develop a spore surface-display mucosal immunomodulatory platform by presenting a multiepitope PRRSV antigen on Bacillus subtilis spores and to assess its ability to stimulate mucosal and systemic immune responses. METHODS AND RESULTS: An applied spore surface-display platform was constructed by engineering Bacillus subtilis 168 spores to present a tandem fusion antigen (ER) comprising conserved linear B- and T-cell epitopes derived from PRRSV ORF1b, GP5, M, and N proteins. Recombinant spores were administered orally to BALB/c mice as a proof-of-concept model, and mucosal and systemic immunogenicity was evaluated in comparison with control spores and a commercial inactivated vaccine. B. subtilis BE significantly increased ER-specific intestinal secretory IgA and serum IgG, and PRRSV (R98)-specific neutralising activity was detectable in the ER group. BE administration also promoted a Th1-skewed mucosal cytokine profile (increased IFN-α, TNF-α, and IFN-γ with reduced IL-6) and increased the proportion of CD8⁺ T cells in mesenteric lymph nodes. CONCLUSIONS: Surface display of a conserved multiepitope PRRSV antigen on B. subtilis spores stimulated coordinated mucosal, humoral, and cellular immune responses in mice. These findings support further exploration of spore-based microbial delivery systems as a potential mucosal immunisation adjuvant and immunomodulatory approach for PRRSV; however, the use of BALB/c mice represents a non-natural host model, and protective efficacy remains to be validated in target animals and challenge studies.
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Authors Yang Yang, Jianzhen Li, Pengfei Fang, Bin Chen, Yicen Tang, Xixi Dai, Fei Lei, Yun Xiao, Yanpeng Dong, Chunfeng Shi, Xueqin Ni, Bo Jing, Kangcheng Pan
Journal Journal of applied microbiology
Year 2026
DOI
10.1093/jambio/lxag114
URL
https://doi.org/10.1093/jambio/lxag114
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