erosão hídrica associada a algumas variáveis hidrológicas em pomar de maçã submetido a diferentes manejos do solo water erosion associated to some hydrological variables in apple orchard under different soil managements

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ID: 253373
2011
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Abstract
O manejo do solo em cultivos perenes, como pomares, influencia a erosão hídrica. O presente estudo avaliou as perdas de solo e água sob chuva simulada em um Latossolo, em pomar de maçã, entre os meses de agosto de 2007 e abril de 2008, na estação experimental de fruticultura de clima temperado da Embrapa Uva e Vinho, em Vacaria (RS). O trabalho foi conduzido em parcelas experimentais de 3,5 x 11 m, sob chuvas com 1 h de duração e intensidade constante ao longo delas, com variação de 70 a 88 mm h-1 entre uma chuva e outra. Os sistemas de manejo estudados foram: 1) capina manual sob a copa das plantas e solo coberto com gramíneas e leguminosas no restante da área (ST); 2) aveia não dessecada, em que as sementes foram incorporadas ao solo, com capina manual em toda a área, dois meses antes do início dos testes de chuva (AN); 3) aveia dessecada quimicamente sete dias antes do início dos testes de chuva, em que as sementes foram incorporadas ao solo com enxada rotativa em toda a área, dois meses antes do início dos testes (AD); e 4) solo sem cobertura, em que a vegetação, após ter sido dessecada, foi removida da superfície do solo em toda a área com capina manual, um dia antes de iniciar os testes de chuva (SC). A forma de manejo da superfície do solo e o número de chuvas influenciaram a erosão hídrica; as perdas de solo variaram amplamente, enquanto as perdas de água apresentaram menor variação. Apesar da mobilização do solo para implantação de aveia, os tratamentos AN e AD com esse cultivo mostraram a mesma eficácia de controle da erosão em relação ao tratamento ST, em que o solo foi mobilizado apenas sob a copa das plantas. A eliminação da cobertura do solo no tratamento SC aumentou expressivamente as perdas de solo em relação aos tratamentos com cobertura; no que se refere às perdas de água, a diferença foi menor. O tempo de ocorrência do escoamento superficial influenciou a perda de solo; observou-se aumento dessa variável com o aumento do tempo de enxurrada até certo momento, a partir do qual diminuiu, independentemente do tratamento; a perda de água aumentou até certo momento e estabilizou. Houve relação inversa entre razão de perda de solo e razão de perda de água, independentemente do tipo de cobertura do solo e do sistema de manejo sob as macieiras. O modelo exponencial ajustou-se a essa relação.
Soil management in perennial crops such as orchards can influence erosion. This study evaluated soil and water losses from an Oxisol under simulated rain, from August 2007 to April 2008, at the experimental station of Embrapa Uva e Vinho, in Vacaria (RS). On the 3.5 m x 11 m plots, rains of one hour were simulated at a constant intensity of 70 to 88 mm h-1. In the apple orchard, the following soil management systems were studied: i) manual weeding under apple trees and spontaneous grass and legume cover in the rest of the area (ST), ii) undesiccated oat cover, hoeing the seeds into the soil at weeding in the entire area, two months before the first rain test (NO), iii) oat cover chemically desiccated seven days before the first rain test, planted by a rotary hoe to incorporate seeds into the soil in the entire area, two months before the tests (DO); and iv) uncovered soil with removal of the previously desiccated spontaneous cover from the soil surface by weeding the entire area with a hoe, one day before each rain test (BS). The management systems related to the soil cover in the apple orchard and the rain tests influenced water erosion. Soil losses varied considerably in the treatments, more than water losses. Even with soil mobilization in the entire area for oat planting in the NO and DO treatments the control effectiveness of water erosion was equal to the ST treatment in which the soil was mobilized only under the trees. The removal of the soil cover from under apple trees greatly increased soil losses in relation to the cover maintenance, but had only little influence on water losses. The runoff duration influenced soil loss; an increase of this variable was observed with increasing runoff duration until a certain moment and, from then on, it decreased independently of the treatment; water loss increased until a certain moment and stabilized. An inverse relationship was observed between soil and water losses, independently of the soil management system under apple trees, adjusting to an exponential model.
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Authors Ederson Gobbi, Ildegardis Bertol, Fabrício Tondello Barbosa, Romeu de Souza Werner, Roger Robert Ramos, Jorge Paz-Ferreiro, Luciano Gebler
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Journal Revista de saude publica
Year 2011
DOI
DOI not found
URL
http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-06832011000300035
Keywords
sedimentogramaagriculture (general)

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