lixiviação de cátions favorecida pela presença de ânions inorgânicos e ácidos orgânicos de baixa massa molecular em solos adubados com camas de aviário cation leaching favored by inorganic anions and low molecular mass organic acids in soils fertilized with different poultry litters
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2008
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Abstract
Com o incremento exponencial da avicultura no Brasil, a disponibilidade de dejetos de aves e de cama de aviário tem aumentado de maneira semelhante. A proibição de uso desses produtos na ração animal tem feito com que eles sejam direcionados para a produção agrícola como fertilizantes. Ainda há na literatura carência de informação sobre lixiviação de bases no perfil do solo em conseqüência do efeito de ânions inorgânicos acompanhantes, como cloreto, nitrato e sulfato, e do efeito complexante de ácidos orgânicos de baixa massa molecular. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar o efeito da aplicação de cama de aviário na lixiviação de Ca, Mg, K e Na em solos e sua associação com ânions inorgânicos e ácidos orgânicos de baixa molecular. Amostras de dois Latossolos Vermelho-Amarelos, um de textura média e outro de textura argilosa, foram colocadas em colunas de PVC constituídas de cinco anéis, cada um com 10 cm de altura e 5 cm de diâmetro, ligados entre si com fita adesiva. O solo colocado no anel superior recebeu, homogeneamente, cinco tipos de camas de aviário: casca de café, casca de arroz, sabugo de milho, capim-napier e maravalha, totalizando 160 t ha-1 de material seco, comparado à testemunha (sem a cama de aviário). O experimento constituiu um fatorial 5 x 2, com cinco camas e dois solos, dispostos em blocos casualizados com três repetições. As colunas foram submetidas a 10 percolações com água deionizada, duas vezes por semana, até atingirem o volume de 1.200 mm de chuvas. Nos 10 percolados, foram analisadas as concentrações de Ca, Mg, K e Na, dos ânions Cl-, NO3-e SO4(2-) e de ácidos orgânicos de baixa massa molecular. Houve grande lixiviação de bases nas colunas, principalmente até a terceira percolação. Esse fato foi causado pela adição dessas bases, em doses elevadas, pelas camas de aviário e, aparentemente, também pelo efeito dos ânions acompanhantes Cl-, NO3-e SO4(2-)no solo de textura média, Cl-e NO3-no solo de textura argilosa e, de maneira menos expressiva, pelo efeito acompanhante/complexante dos ácidos orgânicos de baixa massa molecular. No solo argiloso, a percolação de Ca esteve positivamente correlacionada com a concentração dos ácidos málico e oxálico. A concomitante elevada concentração de ácido acético nos percolados de solos tratados com todas as camas sugere que este pode estar favorecendo a lixiviação de bases no solo, provavelmente como ânion acompanhante.
The exponential growth in poultry farming in Brazil has led to a parallel increase in the production of manure and poultry litter. The litter generated in this activity used to be largely employed as cattle feed. However, the enactment of a law that bans the use of poultry litter as animal feed intensified its use as organic fertilizer in agriculture. Despite its importance, there are gaps in our knowledge on an adequate use to obtain high plant yields without threatening the environment. One of these gaps is base-leaching in the soil profile as a result of the presence of accompanying anions such as chloride, nitrate and sulphate, and the complexing effect of low molecular mass organic acids. Samples of two Oxisols (a clayey and a sandy loam Red-Yellow Latosol) were placed in PVC columns. Each column consisted of five PVC rings (5 cm diameter, 10 cm height) fixed to each other with scotch tape. Five types of poultry litter (coffee husks, ground corn cob, rice husk, napier grass and wood shavings) were homogenously applied to the soil in the top ring in a dose equivalent to 160 t ha-1 (dry weight basis). The treatments consisted of a 5 x 2 + 1 factorial combination, corresponding to five poultry litter types, two soils with distinct textures, and a control treatment with no poultry litter application, with five repetitions, arranged in a complete randomized block design. Deionized water was applied on top of the columns twice a week, in a total volume corresponding to 1.200 mm, totaling 10 applications. Leachates were analyzed for cations (Ca, Mg, K and Na), anions (Cl-, NO3-and SO4(2-)) and low molecular mass organic acids by ion chromatography. Results indicate substantial base-leaching through the soil columns, particularly up to the third percolation. This was most likely a result of the presence of bases contained in the high poultry litter doses and the presence of accompanying anions (Cl-, NO3-and SO4(2-)in the sandy loam soil and Cl-and NO3-in the clayey soil). Ca leaching was positively correlated with the malic and oxalic acid concentrations in the clayey soil. High acetic acid concentration in leachates of poultry litter-treated soils suggest that it may have favored base-leaching in the soil profile as a result of its action as an ion pair.
The exponential growth in poultry farming in Brazil has led to a parallel increase in the production of manure and poultry litter. The litter generated in this activity used to be largely employed as cattle feed. However, the enactment of a law that bans the use of poultry litter as animal feed intensified its use as organic fertilizer in agriculture. Despite its importance, there are gaps in our knowledge on an adequate use to obtain high plant yields without threatening the environment. One of these gaps is base-leaching in the soil profile as a result of the presence of accompanying anions such as chloride, nitrate and sulphate, and the complexing effect of low molecular mass organic acids. Samples of two Oxisols (a clayey and a sandy loam Red-Yellow Latosol) were placed in PVC columns. Each column consisted of five PVC rings (5 cm diameter, 10 cm height) fixed to each other with scotch tape. Five types of poultry litter (coffee husks, ground corn cob, rice husk, napier grass and wood shavings) were homogenously applied to the soil in the top ring in a dose equivalent to 160 t ha-1 (dry weight basis). The treatments consisted of a 5 x 2 + 1 factorial combination, corresponding to five poultry litter types, two soils with distinct textures, and a control treatment with no poultry litter application, with five repetitions, arranged in a complete randomized block design. Deionized water was applied on top of the columns twice a week, in a total volume corresponding to 1.200 mm, totaling 10 applications. Leachates were analyzed for cations (Ca, Mg, K and Na), anions (Cl-, NO3-and SO4(2-)) and low molecular mass organic acids by ion chromatography. Results indicate substantial base-leaching through the soil columns, particularly up to the third percolation. This was most likely a result of the presence of bases contained in the high poultry litter doses and the presence of accompanying anions (Cl-, NO3-and SO4(2-)in the sandy loam soil and Cl-and NO3-in the clayey soil). Ca leaching was positively correlated with the malic and oxalic acid concentrations in the clayey soil. High acetic acid concentration in leachates of poultry litter-treated soils suggest that it may have favored base-leaching in the soil profile as a result of its action as an ion pair.
| Reference Key |
gebrim2008revistalixiviao
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|---|---|
| Authors | ;Fabrício de Oliveira Gebrim;Ivo Ribeiro Silva;Roberto Ferreira Novais;Leonardus Vergütz;Lorena Costa Procópio;Tiago Novais Nunes;Guilherme Luiz de Jesus |
| Journal | Revista de saude publica |
| Year | 2008 |
| DOI |
10.1590/S0100-06832008000600005
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| URL | |
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