avaliações visuais como índice de qualidade do solo e sua validação por análises físicas e químicas em um latossolo vermelho distroférrico com usos e manejos distintos visual assessments as a soil quality index and its validation by soil physical and chemical analysis in a rhodic hapludox under different uses and managements
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2010
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Abstract
Os sistemas de cultivo modificam os atributos do solo e podem alterar sua qualidade. Tradicionalmente avaliados por métodos laboratoriais, os atributos do solo vêm sendo empregados como indicadores de sua qualidade e, embora sejam bastante exatos, são muitas vezes de difícil acesso ou apresentam custos elevados em avaliações de larga escala. A avaliação visual da qualidade do solo (AVS) pode fornecer, de maneira rápida, confiável e barata, informações necessárias ao planejamento agrícola, constituindo uma importante ferramenta para identificar ou monitorar práticas de manejo sustentáveis. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho da AVS no estabelecimento de um índice de qualidade do solo, visando avaliar a sustentabilidade de práticas de manejo do solo. Os experimentos envolveram tratamentos de cultivo de graníferas em sistema plantio direto há 20 e 8 anos, graníferas com aplicação de três doses de lodo de esgoto, algodão em plantio convencional, cultura permanente (seringueira) e mata nativa. As áreas experimentais estão localizadas sobre Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico típico no Centro Experimental Central do Instituto Agronômico, no município de Campinas, SP. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com oito tratamentos e quatro repetições, constituídas por parcelas de 4 m de largura e 25 m de comprimento. Em julho de 2007 foram coletadas amostras compostas na profundidade de 0-0,20 m, para análises laboratoriais físicas (estabilidade de agregados, porosidade, densidade do solo, capacidade de retenção de água) e químicas (fertilidade do solo). Em maio de 2008 foram realizadas as avaliações visuais no campo, em um bloco de 0,20 m de lado por parcela, para determinar os seguintes indicadores: estrutura, cor, porosidade, número de minhocas, mosqueado, camada compactada e cobertura do solo. A cada indicador foi atribuído 0 (pobre), 1 (moderado) ou 2 (bom). Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância, com as médias comparadas pelo teste de Scott-Knott a 5 %, e também à análise estatística multivariada de componentes principais. Os resultados indicaram que o uso intensivo do solo contribuiu para a redução de sua qualidade e que os sistemas com baixa mobilização apresentaram boa qualidade física, manifestada pelo estado de agregação, porosidade e densidade do solo. Os tratamentos foram ordenados quanto à qualidade do solo, a qual foi reproduzida de forma eficiente pelo índice visual de qualidade. Os resultados da AVS apresentaram correspondência com os dados analíticos. O método proposto pela AVS constitui uma ferramenta prática e sensível às alterações do manejo, capaz de avaliar a qualidade do solo, embora sua eficiência precise ser confirmada para outros tipos de solo, usos e manejos.
Cropping systems modify soil attributes and can affect their quality. Traditionally evaluated by laboratory analytical methods, soil attributes have been used as indicators of its quality and are very accurate. However, many times, analytical methods are of difficult access by the producer and high cost. Visual Soil Assessment (VSA) has been developed to help land managers to assess soil condition easily, reliably and cheaply on a field scale. The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of the VSA to assess soil quality, aiming to evaluate and monitor sustainable management practices. The experiments involved the following treatments: grain crop cultivated for twenty years and eight years under no-tillage system; grain crop with the use of sewage sludge in three application levels; cotton in conventional tillage; perennial crop and native forest. The experimental fields were located in an Oxisol within the Instituto Agronômico in Campinas, State of São Paulo, Brazil. The experimental design was completely randomized with eight treatments and four replications in plots 4 m wide and 25 m long. Soil samples were collected in July 2007 at the 0 - 0.20 m depth for physical analysis (aggregate stability, porosity, density, water holding capacity) and chemical analysis of soil fertility. Visual soil assessments were carried out in May 2008 with a single clod of 0 - 0.20 m side per plot for the following soil attributes: soil structure, soil color, soil porosity, number of earthworms, mottles, presence of tillage pan, and soil cover. For each indicator a visual score of zero (poor), 1 (moderate) and 2 (good) was given. Data were submitted to analysis of variance with the averages compared by Scott-Knott test at 5 % probability and to a multivariate analysis (principal component analysis). The results indicated that the intensive land use contributed to a reduction in its quality and that systems with low mobilization showed good physical quality expressed by soil aggregation, soil porosity and soil bulk density. The soil management treatments were classified in the decreasing order of soil quality, which was efficiently reproduced by the VSA index. The attributes showed correspondence between VSA and analytical soil results. The VSA method was an efficient tool to evaluate the soil quality and it showed to be sensitive to changes caused by soil management systems but its effectiveness must be confirmed for other soil types, uses and managements.
Cropping systems modify soil attributes and can affect their quality. Traditionally evaluated by laboratory analytical methods, soil attributes have been used as indicators of its quality and are very accurate. However, many times, analytical methods are of difficult access by the producer and high cost. Visual Soil Assessment (VSA) has been developed to help land managers to assess soil condition easily, reliably and cheaply on a field scale. The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of the VSA to assess soil quality, aiming to evaluate and monitor sustainable management practices. The experiments involved the following treatments: grain crop cultivated for twenty years and eight years under no-tillage system; grain crop with the use of sewage sludge in three application levels; cotton in conventional tillage; perennial crop and native forest. The experimental fields were located in an Oxisol within the Instituto Agronômico in Campinas, State of São Paulo, Brazil. The experimental design was completely randomized with eight treatments and four replications in plots 4 m wide and 25 m long. Soil samples were collected in July 2007 at the 0 - 0.20 m depth for physical analysis (aggregate stability, porosity, density, water holding capacity) and chemical analysis of soil fertility. Visual soil assessments were carried out in May 2008 with a single clod of 0 - 0.20 m side per plot for the following soil attributes: soil structure, soil color, soil porosity, number of earthworms, mottles, presence of tillage pan, and soil cover. For each indicator a visual score of zero (poor), 1 (moderate) and 2 (good) was given. Data were submitted to analysis of variance with the averages compared by Scott-Knott test at 5 % probability and to a multivariate analysis (principal component analysis). The results indicated that the intensive land use contributed to a reduction in its quality and that systems with low mobilization showed good physical quality expressed by soil aggregation, soil porosity and soil bulk density. The soil management treatments were classified in the decreasing order of soil quality, which was efficiently reproduced by the VSA index. The attributes showed correspondence between VSA and analytical soil results. The VSA method was an efficient tool to evaluate the soil quality and it showed to be sensitive to changes caused by soil management systems but its effectiveness must be confirmed for other soil types, uses and managements.
| Reference Key |
niero2010revistaavaliaes
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|---|---|
| Authors | ;Luiz Augusto Cardoso Niero;Sonia Carmela Falci Dechen;Ricardo Marques Coelho;Isabella Clerici de Maria |
| Journal | Revista de saude publica |
| Year | 2010 |
| DOI |
10.1590/S0100-06832010000400025
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| URL | |
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