the relations of exchange between northeast africa and levant (ca.3400 - 3000 a.c.)

The study of the connections among different communities has generated diverse theoretical models and interpretations that were developed to examine the relations of exchange among ancient populations. In general, one may differentiate between theoretical approaches that concentrate specifically on the relations of exchange among distinct communities and areas, and those that analyze the effects of such exchange relationships within the communities. In this study, we focus on the first theoretical approach in order to explore existing exchange relationships from Upper Nubia to Levant, extending through Lower Nubia, Upper Egypt, and Lower Egypt during 3400-3000 B.C., deploying World-Systems Theory and World-Systems Analysis