escarificação mecânica e biológica para a redução da compactação em argissolo franco-arenoso sob plantio direto mechanical and biological chiseling to reduce compaction of a sandy loam alfisol under no-tillage
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2004
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Abstract
O manejo influi nas propriedades físicas no campo, alterando a dinâmica do ar, da água e de solutos no solo. Propriedades físicas em sistemas de manejo conservacionista do solo foram avaliadas em um Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo distrófico arênico (Typic Hapludalf) de textura franco-arenosa no horizonte A. Os tratamentos foram estabelecidos em solo com histórico de 10 anos de plantio direto, a saber: soja em sistema plantio direto; soja em solo escarificado; crotalária em cultivo mínimo e solo descoberto sem preparo. Foram determinadas: a resistência mecânica à penetração; a densidade do solo; a porosidade total; a distribuição do tamanho de poros; a condutividade hidráulica do solo saturado e não saturado; a infiltração de água no solo pelos métodos de anéis concêntricos e sob chuva natural; a variação da umidade volumétrica do solo durante o ciclo das culturas e a curva característica de água no solo. Observou-se que a resistência mecânica à penetração (RP) foi máxima na camada de 0,075 m, nos tratamentos sem preparo do solo, enquanto, no solo escarificado (Esc-soja), a RP máxima ocorreu em maior profundidade (0,175 m). A mobilização subsuperficial (escarificação) e a superficial (discagem e semeadura) do solo não se refletiram em redução na densidade do solo (Ds). O solo sob plantio direto de soja apresentou maior volume de macroporos que o solo sob cultivo de crotalária e descoberto, na profundidade 0,02 a 0,05 m, favorecendo a maior condutividade hidráulica do solo saturado e a menor retenção de água no solo em situação de déficit hídrico. Dentre as propriedades físico-mecânicas analisadas, a RP mostrou-se mais sensível em detectar a compactação do que a Ds e porosidades, especialmente para camadas de solo pouco espessas. A eficácia da ruptura da camada compactada do solo depende da propriedade hídrica ou mecânica do solo usada como indicadora. Usando a condutividade hidráulica do solo saturado, em médio prazo, a "escarificação biológica" (CM-crot) mostrou-se mais eficaz na ruptura da camada compactada e estabelecimento de poros condutores de água do que a escarificação mecânica (Esc-soja) do solo. Em contrapartida, se o indicador for a RP, o resultado é inverso. Assim, a propriedade hídrica ou mecânica do solo a ser usada como indicadora para a avaliação da eficácia da ruptura da camada compactada do solo depende do processo físico priorizado: a infiltração e redistribuição de água ou a penetração e crescimento de raízes.
Soil management alters the physical soil properties and changes the soil air, water, and solute dynamics. Physical soil properties as affected by conservationist soil management systems were studied in a sandy loam Typic Hapludalf. The treatments were established on a soil that has been under no-tillage for 10 years, and consisted of: no-tillage soybeans, chisel tillage soybeans, reduced tillage Crotalaria, and bare soil without tillage. The evaluated soil properties were soil penetration resistance, bulk density, porosity, pore size distribution, saturated and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity, water infiltration using concentric rings or natural rainfall, variation of the volumetric soil moisture throughout the cropping cycle, and water retention curve. Soil penetration resistance (PR) was highest at 0.075 m and 0.175 m depth in no-tillage and chiseled soil, respectively. Soil subsurface mobilization with chiseling and surface mobilization due to disking and sowing did not influence the bulk density (BD) after the crop harvest. No-till soil under soybean crop had greater macroporosity than reduced tillage crotalaria and bare soil at 0.02 to 0.05 m depth, resulting in a greater saturated hydraulic conductivity and lower water retention during periods of low water availability. Among the analyzed soil physical-mechanical properties, PR seemed to be more sensitive to detect soil compaction than BD or porosities, particularly for thinner soil layers. The effectiveness in rupturing compacted soil depended on the hydraulic or mechanical soil property used as indicator. When using K(thetas) as indicator, in the medium term (4.5 months), "biological chiseling" by Crotalaria roots was more efficient at ameliorating soil compaction and establishing a network of conductive pores compared to mechanical chiseling. However, inverse results were observed when PR was used as indicator. Thus, the choice of a soil physical property as indicator to evaluate the effectiveness of compaction reduction depends on which physical process is considered more important: water infiltration and redistribution or root penetration and growth.
Soil management alters the physical soil properties and changes the soil air, water, and solute dynamics. Physical soil properties as affected by conservationist soil management systems were studied in a sandy loam Typic Hapludalf. The treatments were established on a soil that has been under no-tillage for 10 years, and consisted of: no-tillage soybeans, chisel tillage soybeans, reduced tillage Crotalaria, and bare soil without tillage. The evaluated soil properties were soil penetration resistance, bulk density, porosity, pore size distribution, saturated and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity, water infiltration using concentric rings or natural rainfall, variation of the volumetric soil moisture throughout the cropping cycle, and water retention curve. Soil penetration resistance (PR) was highest at 0.075 m and 0.175 m depth in no-tillage and chiseled soil, respectively. Soil subsurface mobilization with chiseling and surface mobilization due to disking and sowing did not influence the bulk density (BD) after the crop harvest. No-till soil under soybean crop had greater macroporosity than reduced tillage crotalaria and bare soil at 0.02 to 0.05 m depth, resulting in a greater saturated hydraulic conductivity and lower water retention during periods of low water availability. Among the analyzed soil physical-mechanical properties, PR seemed to be more sensitive to detect soil compaction than BD or porosities, particularly for thinner soil layers. The effectiveness in rupturing compacted soil depended on the hydraulic or mechanical soil property used as indicator. When using K(thetas) as indicator, in the medium term (4.5 months), "biological chiseling" by Crotalaria roots was more efficient at ameliorating soil compaction and establishing a network of conductive pores compared to mechanical chiseling. However, inverse results were observed when PR was used as indicator. Thus, the choice of a soil physical property as indicator to evaluate the effectiveness of compaction reduction depends on which physical process is considered more important: water infiltration and redistribution or root penetration and growth.
| Reference Key |
abreu2004revistaescarificao
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| Authors | ;S. L. Abreu;J. M. Reichert;D. J. Reinert |
| Journal | Revista de saude publica |
| Year | 2004 |
| DOI |
10.1590/S0100-06832004000300013
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| URL | |
| Keywords | Keywords not found |
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