grau de informação, atitudes e representações sobre o risco e a prevenção de aids em adolescentes pobres do rio de janeiro, brasil information, attitudes, perceptions, and symbolic representations of aids risk and prevention among poor adolescents in rio de janeiro, brazil
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ID: 169734
1995
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Abstract
Com o objetivo de avaliar a situação do adolescente brasileiro com respeito ao risco e prevenção ,da AIDS/HIV, foram entrevistados 416 estudantes, dentro do marco institucional-assistencial do Centro Brasileiro da Infância e Adolescência. Os adolescentes pertenciam a duas categorias institucionais: escolas abertas à comunidade ou instituições fechadas para menores infratores. As entrevistas semiestruturadas foram voluntárias, anônimas e sigilosas. As fontes de informação sobre AIDS/HIV mais freqüentemente identificadas foram os meios de comunicação de massa, e em particular a televisão. Os entrevistados manifestaram dúvidas e desconfiança na informação oficial mostrando uma escassa compreensão sobre certos aspectos do contágio e prevenção: quase 70% acreditam na transmissão via picada de mosquito e, em torno de 40%, em formas de contágio casual como o contato direto com ferimentos, cicatrizes e com utencílios de banheiro. Houve diferenças entre as respostas dos alunos e as das alunas, sendo que os primeiros mostraram um nível de preparo melhor ao tempo que pareciam deter maior autonomia nas iniciativas referentes à sexualidade. Atitudes de segregação e exclusão de pessoas corn AIDS persistem. A falta de prevenção foi atribuída à impossibilidade de prever que os encontros sexuais iriam a ocorrer. Os aspectos simbólicos relacionados com as causas de AIDS/HIV revelaram grande variabilidade: embora a maioria veja a doença "como qualquer outra", 80% a associam com excessos na conduta sexual e 40% com comportamento homossexual. As imagens causais variam desde um ponto de vista predominante da AIDS como "castigo injusto" (algo introduzido deliberadamente por estrangeiros) a discursos menos freqüentes de culpabilização (AIDS como punição justificada por "conduta pecaminosa"). Há várias metáforas referidas ao corpo: a "sujeira" (manchas escuras, feridas, tumores); o seu deterioramento irreversível; a usurpação por forças externas mais potentes. A atitude positiva à iniciação sexual não é influenciada por cogitações sobre os riscos de doença, a possibilidade de gestação, e imperativos religiosos. Uma atitude ambígua com respeito à transgressão (estereotipada na figura do "malandro" do Rio), pode ter influência na percepção do risco e da prevenção. Analisam-se as informações coletadas à luz da interpretação dos discursos dos meios de comunicação, do estudo de outros contextos e das pesquisas sobre a especificidade da construção cultural da sexualidade no Brasil. Enfatiza-se a necessidade de implementação de ações mais claras e diretas na veiculação de informação. Também busca-se uma compreensão mais abrangente da noção de risco baseada na colocação dos fenômenos relativos ao processo saúde-doença nos seus contextos sócio-econômicos e culturais, o que pode ser útil para implementar medidas de controle culturalmente adequadas mediante o redimensionamento dos símbolos da AIDS. Enfatizamos a necessidade de uma melhor compreensão dos determinantes sociais e econômicos do risco de doença, e o apoio aos discursos que conferem poder e dignidade aos adolescentes pobres por meio do reconhecimento pleno de sua cidadania.
Four hundred and sixteen poor adolescents of both sexes in Rio de Janeiro were interviewed to study both their level of information and symbolic representations concerning AIDS risk and prevention. The most common source of information on HIV/AIDS was the mass media, particularly television broadcasts. There were doubts and lack of trust regarding official government information on HIV/AIDS. Nearly 70% of the adolescents interviewed believe in HIV transmission through mosquito bites and some 40% through casual contact with wounds or scars or sharing of bathroom utensils. Men seemed to show a greater awareness and autonomy vis-à-vis taking initiatives in sex encounters. Attitudes of segregation and exclusion of people with AIDS persist. Lack of prevention was attributed to the impossibility of predicting sexual encounters. The study of symbolic aspects concerning causes of HIV/AIDS displayed broad variability: 80% of the interviewees associated AIDS with excesses in sexual behavior and 40% with homosexual practices. Causal images vary from the predominant view of AIDS as unfair punishment to the less frequent stance considering AIDS as fair punishment (due to sinful behavior). An ambiguous attitude towards transgression (taking as its sterotype the figure of Rio's "malandro", or "streetwise dude") may influence perception of risk and prevention. The paper calls attention to the need for implementing clearer and more direct educational programs. This could be useful for the implementation of culturally sensitive control measures through a reshaping of AIDS symbols. The author recommends a better understanding of the social and economic determinants of disease and reinforcement of the kinds of discourse which empower and raise the self-esteem of poor adolescents by endorsing their civil rights.
Four hundred and sixteen poor adolescents of both sexes in Rio de Janeiro were interviewed to study both their level of information and symbolic representations concerning AIDS risk and prevention. The most common source of information on HIV/AIDS was the mass media, particularly television broadcasts. There were doubts and lack of trust regarding official government information on HIV/AIDS. Nearly 70% of the adolescents interviewed believe in HIV transmission through mosquito bites and some 40% through casual contact with wounds or scars or sharing of bathroom utensils. Men seemed to show a greater awareness and autonomy vis-à-vis taking initiatives in sex encounters. Attitudes of segregation and exclusion of people with AIDS persist. Lack of prevention was attributed to the impossibility of predicting sexual encounters. The study of symbolic aspects concerning causes of HIV/AIDS displayed broad variability: 80% of the interviewees associated AIDS with excesses in sexual behavior and 40% with homosexual practices. Causal images vary from the predominant view of AIDS as unfair punishment to the less frequent stance considering AIDS as fair punishment (due to sinful behavior). An ambiguous attitude towards transgression (taking as its sterotype the figure of Rio's "malandro", or "streetwise dude") may influence perception of risk and prevention. The paper calls attention to the need for implementing clearer and more direct educational programs. This could be useful for the implementation of culturally sensitive control measures through a reshaping of AIDS symbols. The author recommends a better understanding of the social and economic determinants of disease and reinforcement of the kinds of discourse which empower and raise the self-esteem of poor adolescents by endorsing their civil rights.
| Reference Key |
merchn-hamann1995cadernosgrau
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| Authors | ;Edgar Merchán-Hamann |
| Journal | iberian conference on information systems and technologies, cisti |
| Year | 1995 |
| DOI |
10.1590/S0102-311X1995000300022
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