aspectos gerais e diagnóstico clinicolaboratorial da intoxicação por paraquat general aspects and clinical laboratorial diagnostic of poisoning by paraquat
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2006
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Abstract
INTRODUÇÃO: O paraquat, herbicida amplamente utilizado na agricultura, é um produto perigoso, pois pode causar intoxicações fatais, principalmente pela falta de antídoto eficaz para reversão do quadro clínico. Fisiopatologia: Os efeitos toxicológicos são decorrentes da indução ao estresse oxidativo. O órgão-alvo principal é o pulmão, que pode apresentar edema, hemorragia, inflamação intersticial e fibrose, culminando com falência respiratória grave e morte. Além disso, é nefrotóxico, hepatotóxico, miotóxico e neurotóxico. TRATAMENTO: Além de visar a diminuição da absorção e estimular a excreção do paraquat absorvido, o tratamento da intoxicação atualmente é baseado em medidas que diminuam o estresse oxidativo utilizando substâncias antioxidantes e, conseqüentemente, revertam o quadro toxicológico instalado, especialmente o pulmonar. MÉTODOS DIAGNÓSTICOS: Entre as metodologias quantitativas disponíveis, os métodos cromatográficos são os mais relatados para materiais biológicos. Porém, a eletroforese capilar e os imunoensaios podem ser utilizados. Os imunoensaios destacam-se pela praticidade laboratorial, pois os cromatográficos e eletroforéticos não são encontrados comumente em laboratórios hospitalares. Por outro lado, uma reação simples e rápida de caracterização urinária com ditionito de sódio é muito realizada, pois é preditiva na suspeita de intoxicações agudas. CONCLUSÃO: Diante do alto potencial de morbimortalidade nas intoxicações por paraquat, a reversão dos danos pulmonares com uso de antioxidantes vem sendo muito estudada, porém não há o estabelecimento de um antídoto específico. No diagnóstico laboratorial, métodos cromatográficos, eletroforéticos e imunológicos são usados para quantificá-lo, contudo a reação urinária com ditionito ainda é valiosa na rotina da toxicologia clínica.
INTRODUCTION: Paraquat is a herbicide widely used in agriculture. It is a very toxic product, fatally poisoning mainly by the lack of an efficient antidote to revert the clinical state. FISIOPATHOLOGY: Toxicological effects are decurrent of oxidative stress. The most important target organ is the lung, which can display edema, hemorrhage, interstitial inflammation and fibroses, culminating in serious respiratory failure and death. Moreover, it is nephrotoxic, hepatotoxic, miotoxic and neurotoxic. TREATMENT: Besides aiming the decrease of absorption and stimulating the excretion of absorbed paraquat, the poisoning treatment nowadays is based on measures that decrease oxidative stress using antioxidants, consequently reverting clinical state, mainly the pulmonary. Diagnostic methods: Among the available quantitative methods, the chromatographic are the most reported ones for biological samples. However, capillary electrophoresis and immunoassay methods can be used. Immunoassays stand out for being typically found in hospital laboratories, while chromatographic and electrophoretic methods are not. On the other hand, a simple and fast urinary reaction with sodium dithionite is very utilized because it is predictive in acute poisoning suspect. CONCLUSION: In the presence of high morbimortality potential in paraquat intoxications, the reversion of pulmonary toxicity with antioxidants is extensively studied, but a specific antidote is not established. In laboratorial diagnostic, chromatographic, electrophoretic and immunologic techniques are applied to paraquat quantification, although in clinical toxicology the sodium dithionite reaction is still significant.
INTRODUCTION: Paraquat is a herbicide widely used in agriculture. It is a very toxic product, fatally poisoning mainly by the lack of an efficient antidote to revert the clinical state. FISIOPATHOLOGY: Toxicological effects are decurrent of oxidative stress. The most important target organ is the lung, which can display edema, hemorrhage, interstitial inflammation and fibroses, culminating in serious respiratory failure and death. Moreover, it is nephrotoxic, hepatotoxic, miotoxic and neurotoxic. TREATMENT: Besides aiming the decrease of absorption and stimulating the excretion of absorbed paraquat, the poisoning treatment nowadays is based on measures that decrease oxidative stress using antioxidants, consequently reverting clinical state, mainly the pulmonary. Diagnostic methods: Among the available quantitative methods, the chromatographic are the most reported ones for biological samples. However, capillary electrophoresis and immunoassay methods can be used. Immunoassays stand out for being typically found in hospital laboratories, while chromatographic and electrophoretic methods are not. On the other hand, a simple and fast urinary reaction with sodium dithionite is very utilized because it is predictive in acute poisoning suspect. CONCLUSION: In the presence of high morbimortality potential in paraquat intoxications, the reversion of pulmonary toxicity with antioxidants is extensively studied, but a specific antidote is not established. In laboratorial diagnostic, chromatographic, electrophoretic and immunologic techniques are applied to paraquat quantification, although in clinical toxicology the sodium dithionite reaction is still significant.
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| Authors | ;Gabriela Cristina Schmitt;Clóvis Paniz;Denise Grotto;Juliana Valentini;Karen Lilian Schott;Valdeci Juarez Pomblum;Solange Cristina Garcia |
| Journal | industrial and engineering chemistry research |
| Year | 2006 |
| DOI |
10.1590/S1676-24442006000400003
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