os cosmopolitas: kant e os "temas kantianos" em relações internacionais the cosmopolitans: kant and kantian themes in international relations
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ID: 129144
2003
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Abstract
Este artigo discute o legado e os limites do paradigma kantiano em relações internacionais. Se as atuais reconstruções de Kant em relações internacionais enfatizam aspectos positivos das idéias liberais e institucionalistas, restringem-se, no entanto, à análise de princípios, não analisando o que na realidade impede sua realização. Na primeira parte, examina-se os princípios jurídicos que Kant apresentou como condição para a paz: 1) a pacificação da ordem internacional depende da democratização da ordem interna; 2) as relações entre os Estados devem ser submetidas ao direito internacional; 3) os indíviduos devem ser considerados como cidadãos do mundo, conforme um direito cosmopolita. Na segunda parte, mostra-se como estes princípios orientaram o movimento pacifista, bem como o assim chamado "idealismo-utópico" no entre-guerras. Em seguida, verifica-se como estes princípios foram objeto de crítica do realismo do pós-Segunda Guerra, para quem: 1) a democracia na ordem interna não influencia a paz na ordem externa; 2) a paz nas relações internacionais pode ser assegurada não pelo direito internacional, mas por alianças militares; 3) os ideais cosmopolitas "moralizam" as relações internacionais, transformando os conflitos políticos em conflitos entre o "bem" e o "mal". Por fim, investiga-se como análises contemporâneas se orientam pelos princípios kantianos, em oposição ao realismo da razão de Estado. Isso mostra que tal paradigma é necessário, mas não suficiente para a análise das relações internacionais, por não inserir a afirmação de princípios na análise das relações hegemônicas que caracterizam o cenário internacional.
This article discusses the legacy and limits of the Kantian paradigm in international relations. Contemporary Kantian reconstructions in international relations emphasise the positive aspects of liberal and institutional ideas, although they restrict themselves to the analysis of principles, and do not analyse what impedes the realisation of these principles. The first part of the paper analyses juridical principles that Kant established as conditions for peace: 1) Pacification of international order depends on democratisation of internal order; 2) Relations between states must be subject to international law; 3) Individuals must be considered as world citizens, according to cosmopolitan law. The second part shows how these principles have defined and oriented the pacifist movement as well as so-called "utopian-idealism" in the between-wars period. Further, it analyses realist criticism of those principles in post-war periods, according to which: 1) Democracy in internal order does not influence peace in international order; 2) Peace in international relations can be assured not by international law, but by military alliances; 3) Cosmopolitan ideals "moralise" international relations, transforming political conflict into a contention between "good" and "evil". Finally, it investigates how contemporary analyses orient themselves to Kantian principles, as opposed to realism (reason of state). This shows that this paradigm, while necessary, is not sufficient for analyses of international relations, since it does not consider the affirmation of principles in the analyses of hegemonic relations that characterize the international scene.
This article discusses the legacy and limits of the Kantian paradigm in international relations. Contemporary Kantian reconstructions in international relations emphasise the positive aspects of liberal and institutional ideas, although they restrict themselves to the analysis of principles, and do not analyse what impedes the realisation of these principles. The first part of the paper analyses juridical principles that Kant established as conditions for peace: 1) Pacification of international order depends on democratisation of internal order; 2) Relations between states must be subject to international law; 3) Individuals must be considered as world citizens, according to cosmopolitan law. The second part shows how these principles have defined and oriented the pacifist movement as well as so-called "utopian-idealism" in the between-wars period. Further, it analyses realist criticism of those principles in post-war periods, according to which: 1) Democracy in internal order does not influence peace in international order; 2) Peace in international relations can be assured not by international law, but by military alliances; 3) Cosmopolitan ideals "moralise" international relations, transforming political conflict into a contention between "good" and "evil". Finally, it investigates how contemporary analyses orient themselves to Kantian principles, as opposed to realism (reason of state). This shows that this paradigm, while necessary, is not sufficient for analyses of international relations, since it does not consider the affirmation of principles in the analyses of hegemonic relations that characterize the international scene.
| Reference Key |
soraya2003contextoos
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| Authors | ;Nour Soraya |
| Journal | the aaps journal |
| Year | 2003 |
| DOI |
10.1590/S0102-85292003000100001
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