Striatal Dopamine D2 Receptors Regulate Cost Sensitivity and Behavioral Thrift.

The role of the dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) in regulating appetitive behavior continues to be controversial. Earlier literature suggests that reduced D2R signaling diminishes motivated behavior while more recent theories suggest that reduced D2R, as has been putatively observed in obesity, facilitates compulsive appetitive behavior and promotes overeating. Using a homecage foraging paradigm, we revisit classic neuroleptic pharmacological studies from the 1970s that led to the 'extinction mimicry' hypothesis: that dopamine blockade reduces reinforcement leading to an extinction-like reduction in a learned, motivated behavior. We complement this with a selective genetic deletion of D2R in indirect pathway medium spiny neurons (iMSNs). Administration of haloperidol shifts foraging strategy toward less effortful, more thrifty pursuit of food without altering consumption or bodyweight. D2R deletion in iMSNs also reduces effort and energy expended toward food pursuit, but without a compensatory shift in foraging strategy, resulting in loss of body weight, an effect more pronounced under conditions of escalating costs as the knockouts fail to adequately increase effort. The selective knockouts exhibit no change in sucrose preference or sucrose reinforcement. These data suggest that striatal D2R regulates effort in response to costs, mediating cost sensitivity and behavioral thrift. In the context of obesity, these data suggest that reduced D2R is more likely to diminish effort and behavioral energy expenditure rather than increase appetitive motivation and consumption, possibly contributing to reduced physical activity commonly observed in obesity.