in Otorhinolaryngology: Cause or Bystander.

The bacteria () have been identified in the extragastric tissues in the head and neck. The origin and pathogenicity of these bacteria in the head and neck are not known. Gastric reflux and nasal or oral routes are the possible modes of spread. In many sinonasal, pharyngeal, laryngeal, and middle ear disorders, laryngopharyngeal reflux has been identified as a contributing or causative factor. One possible mode by which laryngopharyngeal reflux may contribute is by seeding of the extragastric mucosa with . The clinical significance of the discovery of in extragastric tissues in the head and neck is unclear. There is no evidence of a pathologic or active role of in otorhinolaryngological disorders. The suggestion that the sinonasal cavities and pharynx may serve as a reservoir for and that reinfection of the stomach occurs after eradication therapy awaits further studies for confirmation. No connection was observed between found in the stomach and found in the head and neck. Also, these bacteria, found in the head and neck tissues, may be accidental or innocent bystanders that do not affect the pathways of otolaryngological and gastroduodenal diseases. This review examines the evidence for a possible relationship of with otorhinolaryngological diseases.