A new method for investigating the relationship between diet and mortality: hazard analysis using dietary isotopes.

The population of Roman Britain are renowned for having elevated nitrogen (δ) stable isotope values, which have been interpreted as evidence for the increased consumption of marine products. However, such results are now understood to also reflect episodes of stress and disease, suggesting that new interpretations are warranted. To test our novel approach which combines hazard mortality analysis and stable isotope data to determine whether there is a relationship between age-at-death, elevated δN values and mortality risk. We used published osteological and dietary stable isotope data for nitrogen (δN) and carbon (δC) of 659 1-5 century AD individuals aged >12 years old excavated from Roman cemeteries in Britain. The relationship between diet and mortality risk was assessed using the Gompertz hazard model, and differences in median reported isotope values between the sexes was determined using a Mann Whitney test. We discovered that higher δN are associated with elevated risks of mortality, whereas the opposite pattern was observed for δC, and males had higher median δC and δN values. We successfully demonstrated that stable isotope data can be integrated in to hazard models, allowing us to connect diet and mortality in past populations. It supports the findings of other isotope studies, which have established that individuals with childhood stress/trauma will have different isotope patterns.