Abstinence Expectancies in People who Smoke vs. Vape Nicotine: A Psychometric Comparison of the Smoking Abstinence Questionnaire and a Version Adapted for Vaping

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ID: 339193
2026
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Ranked #170 of 171 articles by views in nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the society for research on nicotine and tobacco

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Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Abstinence outcome expectancies (AOEs), the anticipated consequences of drug cessation, predict key cessation outcomes such as withdrawal severity; however, the construct has yet to be extended to electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS). METHODS: We conducted a psychometric evaluation the Smoking Abstinence Questionnaire (SAQ) and a parallel vaping adaptation. A multigroup confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to test measurement invariance across people who smoke (n = 126) or vape (n = 193) nicotine, and construct validity was assessed by examining associations between AOE domains and a measure of vaping dependence. RESULTS: Results failed to support the original 10-factor structure of the SAQ; however, a modified 7-factor model demonstrated configural and metric invariance across nicotine product groups. Scalar invariance was not supported, as two items assessing the anticipated efficacy of nicotine replacement therapy and social benefits from quitting exhibiting noninvariant intercepts across groups. People who smoke reported higher latent mean scores for anticipated weight gain and changes in coffee consumption compared to people who vape. Further, the AOE domains demonstrated good internal consistencies and showed expected associations with vaping dependence. CONCLUSIONS: Findings suggest that AOEs function similarly across cigarette and ENDS use, while identifying item-level and latent mean expectancies that differ between product groups. IMPLICATIONS: This is the first study to extend the AOE construct to ENDS. Results suggest that many smoking-related abstinence expectancies extend to vaping, while some expectancies may differ by nicotine product.
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Authors Reilly Diemond, Samantha Johnstone, Craig R. Colder, Larry W. Hawk
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Journal nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the society for research on nicotine and tobacco
Year 2026
DOI
10.1093/ntr/ntag242
URL
https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntag242
Keywords Keywords not found

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