The Indus Waters Treaty in an Era of Hybrid Competition: A DIMEFIL Assessment of Contemporary India–Pakistan Relations

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ID: 334257
2026
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Abstract
Thishe paper discusses the strategic worth of the Indus Waters Treaty (IWT) with an eye toward addressing the manner in which the agreement is changing in response to new geopolitical and environmental demands. The paper employs the DIMEFIL model (Diplomatic, Information, Military, Economic, Financial, Intelligence, and Legal) to evaluate such changes by using water security, infrastructure politics, and regional competition. Since 1960, the IWT was a pillar of the Indo-Pakistani relationships, which has survived through multiple crises. Nevertheless, the current condition is challenging the stability of the oceans due to some recent geopolitical changes and climate pressure, which cast doubt on its adaptability during the present period. Qualitative analysis is performed, researching relations through ancient data, diplomatic intercourse, and legal and regional conflict trends. The paper concentrates on diplomatic as well as the strategic implications with case studies illustrating important tensions. Increasingly, the IWT is shaped by water securitization, politics and military interests in infrastructure. Its stability is also strained by legal and economic issues with hydro-development. With an aim of safeguarding the IWT, it may be necessary to employ adaptive diplomacy, institutional innovation, as well as integrated strategic management to ensure that water is a stabilizing aspect in South Asia.
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Authors Syed Rizwan Haider Bukhari, Ehsanullah Khan
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Journal Annals of Human and Social Sciences
Year 2026
DOI
10.35484/ahss.2026(7-I)19
URL
https://ojs.ahss.org.pk/journal/article/view/1181
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