Study on activation strategy of jet fans in tunnel fires under longitudinal ventilation mode

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ID: 329169
2026
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Abstract
Abstract Fire is the typical disaster of the tunnel, with smoke inhalation being the primary cause of fatalities during such incidents. This study addresses a critical operational challenge: inappropriate activation of jet fans during evacuation can disrupt the stratified smoke layer in tunnels, exacerbating hazardous conditions. Focusing on this issue, it employed an integrated methodology combining numerical simulations and full-scale experimental testing within an operational tunnel. The study specifically investigates the impact of jet fan distance from the fire source and activation timing on the safety integrity of the upstream evacuation zone. The results show that during the fire growth stage in the absence of ambient wind, the entire upstream region remains a safe evacuation area, eliminating the need for jet fan activation restrictions near the fire source. For a 30 MW fire under counter-directional ambient wind of 2.5 m/s, establishing a prohibited activation zone for jet fans within 150 m both upstream and downstream of the fire source provides a critical 450 s safe evacuation time for trapped occupants. Activating jet fans outside this prohibited zone within 120 s of fire ignition ensures the safety of the upstream evacuation environment across all the fire sizes investigated. The defined prohibited activation zones and critical activation time limits established in this study provide actionable guidance for optimizing emergency ventilation strategies during tunnel fire evacuations.
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Authors Yuesheng Zhang, Jiacheng Guo, Junxiong Peng, Yanlong Zhang, Pai Xu, Yixian Liu
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Journal Transportation Safety and Environment
Year 2026
DOI
10.1093/tse/tdag054
URL
https://doi.org/10.1093/tse/tdag054
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