Full-scale e-bus fire in a tunnel and vehicle—infrastructure collaborative suppression using water mist

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ID: 328575
2026
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Abstract
Abstract Electric-bus fires have become a critical safety issue in enclosed tunnel environments. Conventional fire-extinguishing methods may provide insufficient direct cooling of battery packs and may not maintain thermally tenable conditions in passenger compartments. This study reports a 1:1 full-scale electric-bus fire test in a 330 m-long test tunnel to evaluate a vehicle–infrastructure collaborative suppression (VICS) strategy that combines targeted onboard cooling with tunnel-environment shielding using high-pressure water mist (HPWM). An array of 106 thermocouples was deployed to measure the three-dimensional thermal environment and assess suppression performance. The passenger-compartment temperature remained below the 60°C thermal tenability criterion throughout the test, with a maximum measured breathing-zone temperature of 54.3°C. The peak tunnel-ceiling temperature was limited to 42.4°C, and the measured radiant heat flux remained far below levels associated with sustained structural damage, except for a short local transient peak. Energy-balance analysis suggested a suppressed peak fire intensity of approximately 2 MW and indicated that water-mist evaporation absorbed a substantial fraction of the released heat. This work provides full-scale experimental evidence and a benchmark dataset for fire-safety management of electric buses in tunnels.
Reference Key
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Authors Lei Zhang, Guifang Fang, Yuxin Zhou, Xiaoxiao Dong, Yanhui Liu, Xinyan Huang
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Journal Transportation Safety and Environment
Year 2026
DOI
10.1093/tse/tdag047
URL
https://doi.org/10.1093/tse/tdag047
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