Interpreting Vocal Timbre

Abstract This article outlines a streamlined methodology for hearing and analyzing vocal timbre in popular songs. Building on work in this area by Victoria Malawey, Kate Heidemann, Megan Lavengood, and others, I aim to bring vocal physiology, sonic features, and listener perception together in a shared framework. I begin with the premise that singers manipulate their timbre by controlling four main vocal parameters: register, noisiness, resonance, and pitch. Each of these parameters has one default, unmarked value and one or two non-default, marked values. These marked values can project either higher or lower intensity than the unmarked value based on both their physiological requirements (more muscle tension = higher intensity) and their resulting sonic profile (louder, higher overtones and/or more non-harmonic frequencies = higher intensity). Through detailed diagrams of muscular systems, spectrographic analyses of recorded songs, and dozens of musical examples from Whitney Houston to Nirvana to Nicki Minaj, I demonstrate how singers strategically manipulate these parameters to express various aspects and emotional states of their song personas.