MicroProtein OsPAR1 regulates grain size through OsBCL1 -mediated cell expansion control in rice

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ID: 314888
2026
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Abstract
Grain size is a crucial agronomic trait that influences the grain weight and yield of rice (Oryza sativa L.). Here, we identified and characterized OsPAR1, an HLH-type miP (microProtein), as a positive regulator of grain size and grain weight. Loss-of-function Ospar1 mutants exhibited reduced cell size of the rice spikelet hulls, resulting in significantly smaller grains and lower grain weight. Conversely, OsPAR1-overexpressing lines displayed enlarged hull cells, leading to considerably larger grains and increased grain weight. Biochemical analyses showed that OsPAR1 interacts with the bHLH transcription factor OsBCL1 and functions as a transcriptional co-activator. OsPAR1 promotes OsBCL1 binding to the promoter of OsEXPA5, a key gene involved in cell expansion. Meanwhile, Osbcl1 and Osexpa5 mutants showed smaller grains with decreased grain length, grain width, grain thickness, and 1,000-grain weight. We also demonstrated that the maize (Zea mays) ZmPAR1, which is homologous to OsPAR1, is also involved in the regulation of grain size, implying a conserved role in the grain size of cereal crops. Notably, a critical SNP in the OsPAR1 coding region, causing a Glu-to-Gly substitution, is associated with grain size variation in cultivated rice. Collectively, we uncover the crucial role of OsPAR1 in grain size control, which offers a genetic basis for rice breeding in the future.
Reference Key
openalex_W7162291902 Use this key to autocite in the manuscript while using SciMatic Manuscript Manager or Thesis Manager
Authors Javed IqbaI, Shanshan Zhang, Jie Ji, Yuehua Chen, Haiyang Jiang, Qingqing Wu, Ying He
Journal Plant physiology and biochemistry : PPB
Year 2026
DOI
10.1093/plphys/kiag299
URL
https://doi.org/10.1093/plphys/kiag299
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