Chemo-enzymatically prepared lignin nanoparticles for value-added applications.

The global need to develop sustainable materials and products from non-fossil raw material is pushing industry to utilize side-streams more efficiently using green processes. Aromatic lignin, the world's second most abundant biopolymer, has multiple attractive properties which can be exploited in various ways instead of being burnt or used as animal feed. Lignin's poor water solubility and its highly branched and random structure make it a challenging biopolymer to exploit when developing novel technologies for the preparation of tailored nanobiomaterials for value-added applications. The notable number of scientific publications focusing on the formation and modification of technical lignin in nanoparticulate morphology show that these bottlenecks could be solved using lignin in the form of colloidal particles (CLPs). These particles are very stable at wide pH range (4-11) and easily dispersible in organic solvents after stabilized via cross-linking. Negative hydroxyl groups on the CLP surface enable multiple enzymatic and chemical modifications e.g. via polymerization reactions and surface-coating with positive polymers. This contribution highlights how tailored CLPs could be innovatively exploited in different the state-of-the-art applications such as medicine, foods, and cosmetics.