Mitochondria as central regulators of cellular bioenergetics, signaling pathways, and disease mechanisms
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ID: 309432
2025
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Abstract
Mitochondria are multifunctional organelles that serve as central regulators of cellular bioenergetics, signaling pathways, and disease mechanisms. Beyond their classical role in oxidative phosphorylation and ATP generation, mitochondria dynamically modulate cell survival, stress responses, and inter-organelle communication. Their ultrastructure, including the double membrane and cristae organization, facilitates efficient energy production, while processes such as fusion, fission, mitophagy, and biogenesis ensure quality control and adaptation to cellular demands. Dysregulation of mitochondrial function is increasingly recognized as a driver of diverse pathologies, ranging from primary mitochondrial diseases caused by genetic mutations to complex disorders including neurodegeneration, cancer, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Recent discoveries highlight mitochondria as signaling hubs, influencing nuclear gene expression and systemic metabolic adaptation through reactive oxygen species (ROS), metabolites, and mitochondria-derived peptides. Therapeutic advances targeting mitochondrial pathways such as antioxidants, biogenesis enhancers, metabolic modulators, and gene editing offer promising strategies for disease intervention. However, challenges remain in translating these insights into personalized mitochondrial medicine. This review synthesizes current knowledge of mitochondrial structure, dynamics, and dysfunction, emphasizing their central role in health and disease, and highlights emerging therapeutic and research directions.
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| Authors | Olaide Kuburat Olanrewaju |
| Journal | Aminu Kano Academic Scholars Association Multidisciplinary Journal |
| Year | 2025 |
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| Keywords | Keywords not found |
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