Savanna vegetation increase triggers freshwater community shifts.

Tropical savannas are globally extensive and ecologically invaluable ecosystems. As most ecosystems however, they are subject to serious anthropogenic stress. Defaunation, and especially the loss of large mammals, is pervasive in tropical savannas and known to trigger wide-ranging ecological effects, from vegetation changes to the loss of ecosystem function. Despite what is currently known about the terrestrial consequences of defaunation, and the potential cross-ecosystem influence of large mammals, virtually no research has investigated associated effects on small adjacent water bodies. This research gap persists because (1) tropical savannas have been historically neglected, (2) the ecological value of small water bodies (e.g. ponds) is only recently being recognized, and (3) empirical baseline data are often lacking. In this paper, we compared a rare pre-change dataset with newly collected data on 213 freshwater assemblages, to investigate community structure and composition before and after a major defaunation event. Our research focused on a diverse species assemblage of amphibian larvae (i.e. tadpoles) in temporary savanna ponds. We found that pond vegetation cover increased from 16.0% to 45.6% post-defaunation, that is, a near three-fold increase. Such habitat changes seemed to have benefitted those species that use vegetation during reproduction (e.g. the leaf-folding Afrixalus spp.), while others have declined. Interestingly, we found a strong correlation between tadpole community shifts and other freshwater organisms, which indicates that habitat changes have affected a wide variety of aquatic organisms. Given that organisms inhabiting temporary aquatic habitats often have complex life histories with terrestrial adult life stages, we propose that the terrestrial effects of defaunation have indirectly led to distinct aquatic communities, in addition to direct habitat effects. These results shed new light on the potential role of large-bodied mammals in shaping adjacent ecosystems, and raise important questions concerning the functioning of temporary aquatic systems in the Anthropocene.