Facets of clinical stigma after attempted suicide in Mumbai, India.

Community stigma studies may neglect clinically relevant experience and views of stigma that are important features of mental health problems. After attempting suicide, patients in a hospital emergency ward in Mumbai, India, were assessed for stigma referring to underlying prior problems motivating their deliberate self-harm (DSH) event, the DSH event itself and serious mental illness generally based on both anticipated community views and distinctive personal views. In this cultural epidemiological study of 196 patients, assessment items and four corresponding indexes were analysed and compared on a four-point scale, 0 to 3, for prominence of indicated stigma. Narratives from patients with high, low and discordant levels of stigma for prior problems and DSH events were analysed and compared. Disclosure, critical opinions of others and problems to marry were greater concerns for DSH events than prior problems. Problem drinking, unemployment, and sexual or financial victimization were common features of prior problems. Impulsivity of the DSH event and externalizing blame were features of lower levels of stigma. Ideas about most people's views of serious mental illness were regarded as more stigmatizing than patients' prior problems and DSH event; patients' personal views of serious mental illness were least stigmatizing. Findings suggest linking suicidality and stigmatized mental illness may discourage help seeking. Suicide prevention strategies should therefore emphasize available help needed for severe stress instead of equating suicidality and mental illness. Findings also indicate the relevance of assessing clinical stigma in a cultural formulation and the value of integrated qualitative and quantitative stigma research methods.