size-resolved source apportionment of particulate matter in urban beijing during haze and non-haze episodes
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ID: 246941
2016
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Abstract
Additional size-resolved chemical information is needed
before the physicochemical characteristics and sources of airborne particles
can be understood; however, this information remains unavailable in most
regions of China due to lacking measurement data. In this study, we report
observations of various chemical species in size-segregated particle samples
that were collected over 1 year in the urban area of Beijing, a megacity
that experiences severe haze episodes. In addition to fine particles, high
concentrations of coarse particles were measured during the periods of haze.
The abundance and chemical compositions of the particles in this study were
temporally and spatially variable, with major contributions from organic
matter and secondary inorganic aerosols. The contributions of organic matter
to the particle mass decreased from 37.9 to 31.2 %, and the total
contribution of sulfate, nitrate and ammonium increased from 19.1
to 33.9 % between non-haze and haze days, respectively. Due to
heterogeneous reactions and hygroscopic growth, the peak concentrations
of the organic carbon, cadmium and sulfate, nitrate, ammonium, chloride and
potassium shifted from 0.43 to 0.65 µm on non-haze days to 0.65–1.1 µm on haze days. Although the size distributions of lead and
thallium were similar during the observation period, their concentrations
increased by a factor of more than 1.5 on haze days compared with non-haze
days. We observed that sulfate and ammonium, which have a size range of 0.43–0.65 µm, sulfate and nitrate, which have a size range of 0.65–1.1 µm,
calcium, which has a size range of 5.8–9 µm, and the
meteorological factors of relative humidity and wind speed were responsible
for haze pollution when the visibility was less than 10 km. Source
apportionment using Positive Matrix Factorization showed six PM2.1
sources and seven PM2.1–9 common sources: secondary inorganic aerosol
(25.1 % for fine particles vs. 9.8 % for coarse particles), coal
combustion (17.7 % vs. 7.8 %), biomass burning (11.1 % vs. 11.8 %),
industrial pollution (12.1 % vs. 5.1 %), road dust (8.4 % vs.
10.9 %), vehicle emissions (19.6 % for fine particles), mineral dust
(22.6 % for coarse particles) and organic aerosol (23.6 % for coarse
particles). The contributions of the first four factors and vehicle emissions were higher on haze
days than non-haze days, while the reverse is true for road dust and mineral dust. The sources' contribution generally increased as the size decreased, with
the exception of mineral dust. However, two peaks were consistently found in
the fine and coarse particles. In addition, the sources' contribution varied
with the wind direction, with coal and oil combustion products increasing
during southern flows. This result suggests that future air pollution
control strategies should consider wind patterns, especially during episodes
of haze. Furthermore, the findings of this study indicated that the
PM2.5-based data set is insufficient for determining source control
policies for haze in China and that detailed size-resolved information is
needed to characterize the important sources of particulate matter in urban
regions and better understand severe haze pollution.
| Reference Key |
tian2016atmosphericsize-resolved
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|---|---|
| Authors | ;S. L. Tian;Y. P. Pan;Y. S. Wang |
| Journal | Journal of agricultural and food chemistry |
| Year | 2016 |
| DOI |
10.5194/acp-16-1-2016
|
| URL | |
| Keywords |
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