surface energy budget responses to radiative forcing at summit, greenland
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2017
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Abstract
Greenland Ice Sheet surface temperatures are controlled by an exchange of
energy at the surface, which includes radiative, turbulent, and ground heat
fluxes. Data collected by multiple projects are leveraged to calculate all
surface energy budget (SEB) terms at Summit, Greenland, for the full annual
cycle from July 2013 to June 2014 and extend to longer periods for the
radiative and turbulent SEB terms. Radiative fluxes are measured directly by
a suite of broadband radiometers. Turbulent sensible heat flux is estimated
via the bulk aerodynamic and eddy correlation methods, and the turbulent
latent heat flux is calculated via a two-level approach using measurements at
10 and 2 m. The subsurface heat flux is calculated using a string of
thermistors buried in the snow pack. Extensive quality-control data
processing produced a data set in which all terms of the SEB are present
75 % of the full annual cycle, despite the harsh conditions. By including
a storage term for a near-surface layer, the SEB is balanced in this data set
to within the aggregated uncertainties for the individual terms. November and
August case studies illustrate that surface radiative forcing is driven by
synoptically forced cloud characteristics, especially by low-level,
liquid-bearing clouds. The annual cycle and seasonal diurnal cycles of all
SEB components indicate that the non-radiative terms are anticorrelated to
changes in the total radiative flux and are hence responding to cloud
radiative forcing. Generally, the non-radiative SEB terms and the upwelling
longwave radiation component compensate for changes in downwelling radiation,
although exact partitioning of energy in the response terms varies with
season and near-surface characteristics such as stability and moisture
availability. Substantial surface warming from low-level clouds typically
leads to a change from a very stable to a weakly stable near-surface regime
with no solar radiation or from a weakly stable to neutral/unstable regime
with solar radiation. Relationships between forcing terms and responding
surface fluxes show that the upwelling longwave radiation produces
65–85 % (50–60 %) of the total response in the winter (summer) and
the non-radiative terms compensate for the remaining change in the combined
downwelling longwave and net shortwave radiation. Because melt conditions are
rarely reached at Summit, these relationships are documented for conditions
of surface temperature below 0 °C, with and without solar radiation.
This is the first time that forcing and response term relationships have been
investigated in detail for the Greenland SEB. These results should both
advance understanding of process relationships over the Greenland Ice Sheet
and be useful for model validation.
| Reference Key |
miller2017thesurface
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|---|---|
| Authors | ;N. B. Miller;M. D. Shupe;C. J. Cox;D. Noone;P. O. G. Persson;K. Steffen |
| Journal | journal of applied polymer science |
| Year | 2017 |
| DOI |
10.5194/tc-11-497-2017
|
| URL | |
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