temporally delineated sources of major chemical species in high arctic snow
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ID: 231032
2018
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Abstract
Long-range transport of aerosol from lower latitudes to
the high Arctic may be a significant contributor to climate forcing in the
Arctic. To identify the sources of key contaminants entering the Canadian
High Arctic an intensive campaign of snow sampling was completed at Alert,
Nunavut, from September 2014 to June 2015. Fresh snow samples collected
every few days were analyzed for black carbon, major ions, and metals, and
this rich data set provided an opportunity for a temporally refined source
apportionment of snow composition via positive matrix factorization (PMF) in
conjunction with FLEXPART (FLEXible PARTicle dispersion model) potential emission sensitivity analysis. Seven
source factors were identified: sea salt, crustal metals, black carbon,
carboxylic acids, nitrate, non-crustal metals, and sulfate. The sea salt
and crustal factors showed good agreement with expected composition and
primarily northern sources. High loadings of V and Se onto Factor 2, crustal
metals, was consistent with expected elemental ratios, implying these metals
were not primarily anthropogenic in origin. Factor 3, black carbon, was an
acidic factor dominated by black carbon but with some sulfate contribution
over the winter-haze season. The lack of K+ associated with this
factor, a Eurasian source, and limited known forest fire events coincident
with this factor's peak suggested a predominantly anthropogenic combustion
source. Factor 4, carboxylic acids, was dominated by formate and acetate
with a moderate correlation to available sunlight and an oceanic and North
American source. A robust identification of this factor was not possible;
however, atmospheric photochemical reactions, ocean microlayer reaction, and
biomass burning were explored as potential contributors. Factor 5, nitrate,
was an acidic factor dominated by NO3−, with a likely Eurasian
source and mid-winter peak. The isolation of NO3− on a separate
factor may reflect its complex atmospheric processing, though the associated
source region suggests possibly anthropogenic precursors. Factor 6,
non-crustal metals, showed heightened loadings of Sb, Pb, and As, and
correlation with other metals traditionally associated with industrial
activities. Similar to Factor 3 and 5, this factor appeared to be largely
Eurasian in origin. Factor 7, sulfate, was dominated by SO42− and
MS with a fall peak and high acidity. Coincident volcanic activity and
northern source regions may suggest a processed SO2 source of this
factor.
| Reference Key |
macdonald2018atmospherictemporally
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|---|---|
| Authors | ;K. M. Macdonald;S. Sharma;D. Toom;A. Chivulescu;A. Platt;M. Elsasser;L. Huang;R. Leaitch;N. Chellman;J. R. McConnell;H. Bozem;D. Kunkel;Y. D. Lei;C.-H. Jeong;J. P. D. Abbatt;G. J. Evans |
| Journal | Journal of agricultural and food chemistry |
| Year | 2018 |
| DOI |
10.5194/acp-18-3485-2018
|
| URL | |
| Keywords |
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